In rats, poor fetal growth due to maternal food restriction during pregnancy is associated with decreased beta-cell mass at birth and glucose intolerance in adulthood. Overexposure to glucocorticoids in utero can induce intrauterine growth retardation in humans and animals and subsequent glucose intolerance in rodents. The aims of this study were to investigate whether glucocorticoid overexposu...

Caffeine crosses the placenta and causes a number of complications. This study aims to review the effect of caffeine during pregnancy. Because of ion trapping weak bases that are non-ionized and lipophilic like caffeine diffuse across the placental barrier and become ionized in the more acidic fetal blood. A number of studies have reported the effect of caffeine on pregnancy. Some of the effect...

Objectives : To evaluate the prevalence of primary rubella infection in women with pregnancy wastage. Methods : The study included 150 pregnant women with obstetrical losses (Group 1) and 150 pregnant women without any obstetrical losses (group II). Serological evaluation for IgM antibodies was carried out by IgM ELISA method. Results : Seropositivity for rubella was 8.67% in group I and 2% in ...

Fetal heart rate and fetal movements provide information on the fetal condition. In the near term human fetus, four behavioural states have been described based upon heart rate patterns and presence or absence of eye and body movements. For our studies concerning fetal physiology as well as the influence of maternal antiepileptic medication and the effects of intrauterine growth retardation on ...

Case Report A 24-year-old primigravida was first seen for obstetric care at 13 weeks' gestation. Initially the pregnancy progressed without apparent difficulty, but the fundal height was found to be somewhat small for dates at 38 weeks' gestation. A sonogram obtained at that time showed a 33-week-sized fetus, with all measurements being concordant and no sonographic evidence of intrauterine gro...

Maternal infection is a cause of adverse developmental outcomes. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced embryonic resorption, intra-uterine fetal death (IUFD) and preterm labor have been well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the effects of maternal LPS exposure on intra-uterine fetal growth and skeletal development. All pregnant mice except controls received an intraperitoneal inj...

Aim: The present study aims to examine the effects of zinc deficiency on maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy. 
 Material-method: was carried out in a secondary care hospital between 2020 January December. Demographic data all patients, zinc, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) levels at birth adverse pregnancy such as oligohydramnios, preterm delivery, preeclampsia, premature ruptur...

This paper provides a critical review of the recent literature on inequality and growth. After discussing historical and more recent distributional trends as well as empirical evidence on the relationship between inequality and growth, I focus on recent explanations of the inequality-growth puzzle. I consider both the impact of the functional and the personal distribution on long-run growth rat...

We present a growth model in which the work morale of R&D workers is endogenously determined by fair wage considerations and show that increases in endowments of researchers do not necessarily have positive growth effects. The results is in line with the empirical observations that the very large increases in the number of R&D workers during the last 30 years have not generated the growth rates...