With the publication of this issue we celebrate 50 years of astonishing and enlightening cell biology in the pages of this journal. In January 1955 the Journal first appeared as the Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology; in 1962 the name changed to the Journal of Cell Biology, catalyzing the development of cell biology as a discipline, a function the JCB serves to this day. The...

The history of machine translation is described from its beginnings in the 1940s to the present day. In the earliest years, efforts were concentrated either on developing immediately useful systems, however crude in their translation quality, or on fundamental research for high quality translation systems. After the ALPAC report in 1966, which virtually ended MT research in the US for more than...

The subject of homotopy theory may be said to have begun in 1930 with the discovery of the Hopf map. Since I began to work under Norman Steenrod as a graduate student at Chicago in 1939 and received my Ph.D. in 1941, I have been active in the field for all but the first ten years of its existence. Thus the present account of the development of the subject is based, to a large extent, on my own ...