CAPM theory is the core of modern financial theory. As time went on, more and people began to invest in research, many contradictions have emerged, not least highly idealistic assumptions harsh implementation conditions. Different from CAPM, which only has a single factor market risk beta, The inclusion size premium book-to-market ratio this model can effectively explain stock results. By intro...

Random mutations in genes from disparate protein classes may have different distributions of fitness effects (DFEs) depending on different structural, functional, and evolutionary constraints. We measured the fitness effects of 156 single mutations in the genes encoding AraC (transcription factor), AraD (enzyme), and AraE (transporter) used for bacterial growth on l-arabinose. Despite their dif...

Numerous studies have shown genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions for traits related to organismal fitness. However, the genetic architecture of the interaction is usually unknown because these studies used genotypes that differ from one another by many unknown mutations. These mutations were also present as standing variation in populations and hence had been subject to prior selection. B...

The majority of health problems encountered in association with travel stem from preexisting, perhaps latent, illness in the individual which may be exacerbated by the rigours and hazards of travel. It is essential that the advising physician understands the hazards that are likely to be encountered during travel in order that they may develop informed decisions regarding fitness for travel and...

In vitro fitness assays are essential tools for determining viral replication fitness for viruses such as HIV-1. Various measurements have been used to extrapolate viral replication fitness, ranging from the number of viral particles per infectious unit, growth rate in cell culture, and relative fitness derived from multiple-cycle growth competition assays. Growth competition assays provide a p...

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex interrelated risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. High cardiorespiratory fitness is known to contribute to prevention of MetS. However, little is known regarding the association between muscular fitness and MetS in Japanese adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between muscular fitness and MetS in...

BACKGROUND There are a wide range of phenotypes that are due to loss-of-function or null mutations. Previously, the functions of gene products that distinguish essential from nonessential genes were characterized. However, the functions of products of non-essential genes that contribute to fitness remain minimally understood. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we inv...

Nature may have been the original inspiration for evolutionary algorithms, but unlike artificially designed systems, nature has an abundance of resources and time. For man-made systems, computational complexity is a prohibitive factor in sufficiently large and complex problems of today. Much of this computational complexity is due to the fitness function evaluation that may either not exist or ...

Objectives To determine the association between fitness and lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Background: Higher levels of traditional risk factors are associated with marked differences in lifetime risks for CVD. However, data are sparse regarding the association between fitness and the lifetime risk for CVD. Methods: We followed 11,049 men who underwent clinical examination at t...