Unless we look anew at agriculture in terms of the balances between wider benefits and impacts and link this to current and future societal drivers, we will continue to pay lip service to the concept of sustainability without ever developing ways to achieve it, they argue. Part of the problem in facing the future is the remarkable past achievements. In recent decades there has been a huge growt...

We assume that our value added production function v = f(l, n, k, ω), is part of a more general production function separable in all intermediate inputs Y = g(f(l, n, k, ω), h(Γ, ω)) where Γ is a vector of intermediate inputs. Let ι be one intermediate input, which LP assume has a demand function of the form:ιit = ιt(ωit, kit). Other possible state variables not explicitly included in the above...

We consider deep multi-layered generative models such as Boltzmann machines or Hopfield nets in which computation (which implements inference) is both recurrent and stochastic, but where the recurrence is not to model sequential structure, only to perform computation. We find conditions under which a simple feedforward computation is a very good initialization for inference, after the input uni...

To compensate for sensory processing delays, the visual system must make predictions to ensure timely and appropriate behaviors. Recent work has found predictive information about the stimulus in neural populations early in vision processing, starting in the retina. However, to utilize this information, cells downstream must be able to read out the predictive information from the spiking activi...

where g1(x), . . . , gr(x) span R for all x. Note that r may be greater than m. This is because the vector fields are a function of position, and there may not be a fixed set of m brackets that span R ∀x. For an example, see [1], page 238. The new inputs v are referred to as fictitious inputs, because the v’s corresponding to the gi, i > m do not correspond to real inputs. Further, we require t...

The initiation site in neurons is where the excitatory and inhibitory inputs sum to generate action potentials. It is generally considered to be at a fixed location, typically at the axon hillock or initial segment, although action potentials, or impulses, could in theory arise at a site that shifts dynamically. The data reported here show that the initiation site can shift in a graded manner, ...

A non-square-tiled Veech surface has finitely many periodic points, i.e. points with finite orbit under the affine automorphism group. We present an algorithm that inputs a and outputs its set of points. Our serves as new proof finiteness for surfaces. apply our to Prym eigenforms in minimal stratum genus 3, proving low discriminant these surfaces do not have except fixed involution.

Evaluation of performance and productivity is among the fundamental concepts inmanagement. In order to achieve their goals, organizations must evaluate theirperformance. One of the important stages of performance appraisal is evaluation oforganization’s efficiency. Banks, financial and credit institutions are among the mostimportant organizations of every economic system, because every activity...

The classical Kalman filter (KF) is an effective approach of state estimation for linear discrete-time systems, but classical KF is applicable only when external inputs are measured. So far, some studies of Kalman filter with unknown inputs (KF-UI) have been proposed. However, previous KF-UI approaches based solely on acceleration measurements are inherently unstable which leads to poor trackin...