Due to climate warming and consequently due to ice and snow melting of the Arctic Ocean, the highly biologically active ocean surface area has been expanding quickly making possible longer marine biota growth seasons during polar summers. That increase the probability of the remote marine environment secondary contribution, especially secondary organic contribution, to the particle production a...

We examine the molecular dynamics of crystal growth in the presence of surface melting and surface impurities, and from this propose a detailed microscopic model for the growth of ice from the vapor phase. Our model naturally accounts for many aspects of the experimental data that are otherwise difficult to explain, and it suggests a variety of measurements that can provide further confirmation...

37 A new ten category, polarimetric-based hydrometeor identification algorithm (HID) 38 for C-band is developed from theoretical scattering simulations including wet snow, hail, and 39 big drops /melting hail. The HID is applied to data from seven monsoon seasons in Darwin, 40 Australia using the polarimetric C-band C-POL radar, to investigate microphysical 41 differences between monsoon and br...

Floods are one of the most common natural disasters that occur frequently causing massive damage to property, agriculture, economy and life. Flood prediction offers a huge challenge for researchers struggling predict floods since long time. In this article, flood forecasting model using federated learning technique has been proposed. Federated Learning is advanced machine (ML) guarantees data p...

We evaluate performance of the Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) under flood conditions after the assimilation of observations of the terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) from NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Assimilation offers three key benefits for the viability of GRACE observations to operational applications: (1) near-real time analysis; (2) a downscaling of G...

[1] Valley networks appear to be cut by liquid water, yet simulations suggest that early Mars could not have been warmed enough by a CO2-H2O greenhouse to permit rainfall. The vulnerability of an early atmosphere to impact erosion, the likely rapid scavenging of CO2 from the atmosphere by weathering, and the lack of detection of weathering products all support a cold early Mars. We explore the ...

Absorption of radiation by ice is extremely weak at visible and near-ultraviolet wavelengths, so small amounts of light-absorbing impurities in snow can dominate the absorption of solar radiation at these wavelengths, reducing the albedo relative to that of pure snow, contributing to the surface energy budget and leading to earlier snowmelt. In this study Arctic snow is surveyed for its content...