This study quantifies and maps the water footprint (WF) of humanity at a high spatial resolution. It reports on consumptive use of rainwater (green WF) and ground and surface water (blue WF) and volumes of water polluted (gray WF). Water footprints are estimated per nation from both a production and consumption perspective. International virtual water flows are estimated based on trade in agric...

Uncertainty quantification is the state-of-the-art framework dealing with uncertainties arising in all kind of real-life problems. One of the framework’s functions is to propagate uncertainties from the stochastic input factors to the output quantities of interest, hence the name uncertainty propagation. To this end, polynomial chaos expansions (PCE) have been effectively used in a wide variety...

ABSTRACT- Sustainability and environmental management are the most cited ideas linking the environment and development. The sustainability of natural resources depends upon our paradigm and related approaches to the relationship between society and the environment. Efficient management is a primary task due to the pressure on nature. Ecological footprint analysis has been intro...

Computing the centroid of a type-2 fuzzy set (T2 FS) is an important operation for such sets. For an interval T2 FS, the centroid can be computed by using two iterative procedures that were developed by Karnik and Mendel [2]. In this paper, we prove that if the footprint of uncertainty for an interval T2 FS is symmetrical about the primary variable y at y = m , then the centroid is also symmetr...

Computing the centroid of a type-2 fuzzy set (T2 FS) is an important operation for such sets. For an interval T2 FS, the centroid can be computed by using two iterative procedures that were developed by Karnik and Mendel [2]. In this paper, we prove that if the footprint of uncertainty for an interval T2 FS is symmetrical about the primary variable y at y=m, then the centroid is also symmetrica...

All energy scenarios show a shift toward an increased percentage of renewable energy sources, including biomass. This study gives an overview of water footprints (WFs) of bioenergy from 12 crops that currently contribute the most to global agricultural production: barley, cassava, maize, potato, rapeseed, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugar cane, and wheat. In addition, this study in...

[1] We used a combination of diffusion theory and neutron transport simulations to estimate the lateral footprint for a cosmic-ray soil moisture probe. The footprint is radial and can be described by an exponential function. Our theory assumes, and our simulations confirm that the corresponding exponential folding length is closely related to the moderation length in air, which in this work is ...

In this paper a new backpropagation learning method enhanced with type-2 fuzzy logic is presented. Simulation results and a comparative study among monolithic neural networks, neural network with type-1 fuzzy weights and neural network with type-2 fuzzy weights are presented to illustrate the advantages of the proposed method. In this work, type-2 fuzzy inference systems are used to obtain the ...

BACKGROUND Debate exists on the proper relation of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint with the intercondylar notch in anatomic ACL reconstructions. Patient-specific graft placement based on the inclination of the intercondylar roof has been proposed. The relationship between the intercondylar roof and native ACL footprint on the tibia has not previously been quantified. HYPOTHESIS...