Recent precise observations of solar global parameters are used to calibrate an upgraded solar model which takes into account magnetic fields in the solar interior. Historical data about sunspot numbers (from 1500 to the present) and solar radius changes (between 1715 and 1979) are used to compute solar variability on years to centuries timescales. The results show that although the 11 year var...

in the post-islamic era, factors such as constructing the city of baghdad, flourishing of trade, and hajj travels prospered the roadways of the eastern world of islam, which mainly passed through iran, providing for the safety and welfare of these roads were among the significant issues. in the third and fourth centuries a.h., each part of the above-mentioned connecting roads was located in the...

: in this article the presence of women in islamic society has been addressed. women has been discussed in three social, economic, and scientific areas. the relation between the islamic jurisdiction and social presence of women has been studied based on the act and tradition of the prophet and imams. moreover, this article examines how much the islamic rulers adhere to the islamic acts and trad...