A compliant constant-force mechanism is a passive force regulation device that can generate nearly constant output over range of input or displacements while without the use sensors and feedback control. In topology synthesis for given displacement range, be achieved by maintaining to same value increases. order further control desired before contacting object, this article introduces new compo...

Since its invention in the 1990s single-molecule force spectroscopy has been increasingly applied to study protein (un-)folding, cell adhesion, and ligand–receptor interactions. In most force spectroscopy studies, the cantilever of an atomic force microscope (AFM) is separated from a surface at a constant velocity, thus applying an increasing force to folded bio-molecules or bio-molecular bonds...

We incorporate hydrodynamic interactions in a structure-based model of ubiquitin and demonstrate that the hydrodynamic coupling may reduce the peak force when stretching the protein at constant speed, especially at larger speeds. Hydrodynamic interactions are also shown to facilitate unfolding at constant force and inhibit stretching by fluid flows. (Some figures in this article are in colour o...