The normal response of the body when exposed to cold is one of vasoconstriction, which, according to Lewis,17 comprises three distinct reactions. One is a local and persistent vasoconstriction which is due to the direct effect of the low temperature on the blood vessels; the second is a local reflex vasoconstriction mediated through the sympathetic nervous system; the third is a generalized vas...

 We performed molecular dynamics simulations using the coarse-grained model to study the freezing behavior of pure water and 14% water-salt mixture in a wide range of temperatures for a very long time around 50 nanoseconds. For the salty water, an interface in nanoscale was used. For both systems, the f...

In Reply: We thank the correspondents for their interest in our work and the Journal for the opportunity to respond. Addressing the first concern, while we have done studies in rats with this model,1,2 in our recently published study3 we used mice, a species that we have reported on in this behavioral paradigm many times before.4–12 In addition, this behavioral paradigm has been used by other l...