The goals of this study are to determine relationships between synaptogenesis and morphogenesis within the mushroom body calyx of the honeybee Apis mellifera and to find out how the microglomerular structure characteristic for the mature calyx is established during metamorphosis. We show that synaptogenesis in the mushroom body calycal neuropile starts in early metamorphosis (stages P1-P3), bef...

In the auditory system, large somatic synapses convey strong excitation that supports temporally precise information transfer. The information transfer of such synapses has predominantly been investigated in the endbulbs of Held in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus and the calyx of Held in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. These large synapses either work as relays or integrate over...

Approximately 7,000 acres of carrots are planted in Michigan each year. The average state yield for fresh market carrots is 8.8 tons (350 50-lb bags) of usable carrots per acre. Yields on good fields with no nematode, water, or other limiting problems may exceed 15 tons (600 50-lb bags) per acre. Minicarrots yield about 11 tons per acre. Processing carrots can yield 35 to 40 tons per acre on go...

Na+ channel recovery from inactivation limits the maximal rate of neuronal firing. However, the properties of presynaptic Na+ channels are not well established because of the small size of most CNS boutons. Here we study the Na+ currents of the rat calyx of Held terminal and compare them with those of postsynaptic cells. We find that presynaptic Na+ currents recover from inactivation with a fas...

PURPOSE To evaluate the percutaneous access outcomes and complications following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) that was obtained by sonographer or urologist at a single academic institution. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective chart review of 259 patients who underwent PCNL was performed. Patients were stratified according to percutaneous access by sonographer (group 1) or urologist (g...

BACKGROUND Currently, the standard treatment for renal pelvis carcinoma is radical nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision. To describe the feasibility of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with segmental renal artery clamping for cancer of renal pelvis, we report this special case for the first time. CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old woman received this operation. Preoperat...

Polydnaviruses are unique symbiotic viruses that are replicated in the calyx cells of the ovary of some parasitic wasps. They have a segmented genome of circular double-stranded DNA and are injected along with the wasp's egg into the host, where they are essential for successful parasitism. Polydnaviruses replicate from integrated proviral DNA, and after excision of viral segments, flanking DNA...

PURPOSE To investigate surgical outcomes between retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) groups for a main stone sized 15 to 30 mm and located in the lower-pole calyx. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who underwent PNL or RIRS for a main stone sized 15 to 30 mm and located in the lower-pole calyx were retrospectively reviewed. Each patient in the RIRS group w...