In this paper, we consider the evolutionary competition between budding and lytic viral release strategies, using a delay differential equation model with distributed delay. When antibody is not established, the dynamics of competition depends on the respective basic reproductive ratios of the two viruses. If the basic reproductive ratio of budding virus is greater than that of lytic virus and ...

Current studies are either region-limited, sole-species, or have short researching periods; so, studies about various species are necessary throughout South Korea. In this study, trends of changes in the budding and flowering dates of spring plants by climate factors served to explore the process of urbanization. Four common species, such as Forsythia koreana (forsythia), Rhododendron mucronula...

The activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) requires phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the T-loop catalyzed by CDK-activating kinases (CAKs). Thus far no functional CAK homologue has been reported in plants. We screened an Arabidopsis cDNA expression library for complementation of a budding yeast CAK mutant. A cDNA, cak1At, was isolated that suppressed the CAK mutation in budd...

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) involved in cell cycle control require activation by phosphorylation, but CDK-activating kinase (CAK) has diverged between metazoans and budding yeast. Fission yeast has two CAKs: the essential Mcs6 complex, homologous to the metazoan CDK7 complex implicated in cell cycle control and transcription; and Csk1, a nonessential ortholog of budding yeast Cak1. Both can...

Budding from the plasma membrane of the host cell is an indispensable step in the life cycle of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which belongs to a large family of enveloped RNA viruses, retroviruses. Unlike regular enveloped viruses, retrovirus budding happens concurrently with the self-assembly of retrovirus protein subunits (Gags) into spherical virus capsids on the cell membrane. Led...

Membrane budding is a key step in vesicular transport, multivesicular body biogenesis, and enveloped virus release. These events range from those that are primarily protein driven, such as the formation of coated vesicles, to those that are primarily lipid driven, such as microdomain-dependent biogenesis of multivesicular bodies. Other types of budding reside in the middle of this spectrum, inc...

BACKGROUND Cells release extracellular vesicles (ECVs) that can influence differentiation, modulate the immune response, promote coagulation, and induce metastasis. Many ECVs form by budding outwards from the plasma membrane, but the molecules that regulate budding are unknown. In ECVs, the outer leaflet of the membrane bilayer contains aminophospholipids that are normally sequestered to the in...

Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMuLV) Gag protein contains three identified late (L) domains, PPPY, YPAL, and PSAP, which are thought to interact with the endosomal sorting machinery to assist budding. We created single and combined L-domain mutants in all permutations and tested the resulting clones for budding and replication. Budding and replication of all viruses with mutated PPPY were grea...

a young fisher's lovebird (agapornis fischeri), showed clinical symptoms with general weakness, diarrhea, ruffled feathers and unilateral extrarhinoectasia and died finally. gross necropsy revealed marked edema, congestion and hemorrhage on the distal part of the gizzard and proximal part of the duodenum. on microscopic examination, a large number of oval budding yeast-like fungi were observed ...