In quantum mechanics, physical states are represented by rays in Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, which is a vector imbued an inner product $\ensuremath{\langle}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}|\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$, whose meaning arises as the overlap $\ensuremath{\langle}\ensuremath{\phi}|\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ for $|\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rangle}$ p...