The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol has a dual objective: to encourage low-cost emission reduction and to promote sustainable development in the host countries of CDM projects. The CDM has by and large delivered on the first objective but arguably not on the second. This paper assesses quantitatively the form and prevalence of co-benefits in CDM projects. Adopting a broa...

book social media are reading communities primarily developed as online social networks. this study aims to find precise criteria and indicators for evaluation of book social network and examine and rank the most popular book social networks. the sample population included 10 english and two persian book/reading social networks publicly available on the web. a checklist containing 9 main criter...

This review examines the literature available on the state of the environment and environmental protection in the Russian Federation. As the largest country on Earth, rich in natural resources and biodiversity, Russia’s problems and policies have global consequences. Environmental quality and management are influenced by the legacy of Soviet economic planning and authoritarian governance, as we...

The use of environmental and sustainable indicators of global organizations has greater advantages than those of national initiatives or those developed by researchers in said subject, due to the fact that they have a much broader scope for sustainability, have been applied in a systematic manner and therefore have greater comparability and reliability. The environmental indicators are construc...

The present chapter examines the relationship of older persons’ living arrangements to indicators of social and economic development at the national level, and, at the individual level, to three socioeconomic characteristics: rural/urban residence, education and an index of material well-being. The general expectation, based on earlier literature regarding changes in families and households in ...

there has been relatively little empirical analysis of the role played by cultural-social-economic policies to promote entrepreneurship. governments, for instance, conduct different entrepreneurship promotion policies. financial assistance and easing of bureaucratic rules are provided to improve the entrepreneurship process in a country. entrepreneurs benefit from education and skills, which ar...

introduction: successful interaction between people requires motivation and social influence. therefore, the purpose of the present research was to study the relationship between the 11 indices of social influence of heads of departments from the viewpoint of faculty members at isfahan university of medical sciences and its relation with demographic characteristics in academic year of 2008-2009...