Insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease mediated by T lymphocytes recognizing pancreatic islet cell antigens. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) appears to be an important autoantigen in the disease. However, T cells from both patients with type 1 diabetes and healthy subjects vigorously proliferate in response to GAD65 stimulation ex vivo, leading us to postulate that th...

It is considered that hypothalamus is important in the regulation of the blood glucose, but how chronic stress leads to hyperglycemia is not known. In this experiment, we used chronic immobilization stress rat as a model, and observed that only rats with increased expression of GAD65 in the amygdala had an elevated level of blood glucose. Considering there are fiber tracks between the amygdala ...

BACKGROUND Little information is available about the incidence of stiff-man syndrome (SMS) (the classic form or its variants) or about long-term treatment responses and outcomes. OBJECTIVE To comprehensively describe the characteristics of a cohort of patients with SMS. DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. PATIENTS Ninety-nine patients with classic SMS ...

The mechanisms responsible for initiating autoimmune diabetes remain obscure. Here, we describe a method for identifying both the alpha- and beta-chains of the T cell receptor (TCR) from individual pancreatic islet-infiltrating T cells at the earliest stages of disease in nonobese diabetic mice (NOD). Analysis of the TCR repertoire of these early islet infiltrates reveals enrichment for a small...

Treatment response in autoimmune epilepsy is variable. Achieving seizure reduction is often dependent on the specific neuronal antibody. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)-associated epilepsy is among the most challenging of the autoimmune epilepsies to treat, often requiring multiple antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and aggressive immunotherapy to attain a reduction in seizure frequency. There h...

Recently, many cases of autoimmune limbic encephalitis with positive GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antibodies have been described in the scientific literature. However, it remains an understudied topic of great relevance to practicing neurologists. Thus, we report here a review of published cases, in English, of autoimmune limbic encephalitis with this type of antibodies, focusing on pres...

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been defined as a major target antigen in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). To identify the molecular ligands triggering a T cell response to GAD, a panel of human GAD65-specific T lymphocyte lines was generated from peripheral blood of three recent onset IDDM patients. All lines derived from a patient expressing the high-risk-conferring HLA-DR*03...

GABAergic mechanisms are critically involved in the control of fear and anxiety, but their role in the development of stress-induced psychopathologies, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mood disorders is not sufficiently understood. We studied these functions in two established mouse models of risk factors for stress-induced psychopathologies employing variable juvenile stress...