Asynchronously communicating pushdown systems (ACPS) that satisfy the empty-stack constraint (a pushdown process may receive only when its stack is empty) are a popular decidable model for recursive programs with asynchronous atomic procedure calls. We study a relaxation of the empty-stack constraint for ACPS that permits concurrency and communication actions at any stack height, called the sha...

Given two finite sets of integers S ⊆ N \ {0} and D ⊆ N \ {0, 1}, the impartial combinatorial game i-Mark(S,D) is played on a heap of tokens. From a heap of n tokens, each player can move either to a heap of n − s tokens for some s ∈ S, or to a heap of n/d tokens for some d ∈ D if d divides n. Such games can be considered as an integral variant of Mark-type games, introduced by Elwyn Berlekamp ...

Social learning is assumed to underlie traditions, yet evidence indicating social learning in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), which exhibit traditions, is sparse. The authors tested capuchins for their ability to learn the value of novel tokens using a previously familiar token-exchange economy. Capuchins change their preferences in favor of a token worth a high-value food reward after watchin...

In this paper, we will present an explicit construction of Harvey Friedman which to every finitely generated group G associates a 2-generator subgroup KG 6 Sym(N) such that G embeds into KG and such that if G ∼= H, then KG = KH .

1 Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 4Y3 ( [email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Institute of Stochastics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 18, D-89069, Ulm, Germany ([email protected]; [email protected]) 3 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Medical Data Services/Biostatistics, 88397 Biberach a. d. R., Germany (frank.fleisc...

Let K be a field of positive characteristic p and KG the group algebra of a group G. It is known that if KG is Lie nilpotent then its upper (or lower) Lie nilpotency index is at most |G| + 1, where |G| is the order of the commutator subgroup. The class of groups G for which these indices are maximal or almost maximal have already been determined. Here we determine G for which upper (or lower) L...

The paper analyses the development of the power of abstraction as illustrated by the evolution of counting in the ancient Near East. Tokens indicate that counting was first done concretely in one-to-one correspondence. The clay tokens, that appeared in the Near East about 7500 BC, abstracted the goods they represented. For example a cone abstracted a measure of grain. About 3300 BC, when tokens...

We present a new approach for using physically constrained tokens to express, manipulate, and visualize parameterized database queries. This method extends tangible interfaces to enable interaction with large aggregates of information. We describe two interface prototypes that use physical tokens to represent database parameters. These tokens are manipulated upon physical constraints, which map...

Recent years have seen the progression of light detection and ranging (lidar) from the realm of research to operational use in natural resource management. Numerous government agencies, private industries, and public/private stakeholder consortiums are planning or have recently acquired large-scale acquisitions, and a national U.S. lidar acquisition is likely before 2020. Before it is feasible ...

Procter and Gamble, USA; ECVAM-JRC, Italy; Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Germany; TNO Nutrition and Food Research, The Netherland; 5 SCCNFP and EFSA, Bruxelles, Belgium; University of Pisa, Italy; National Agency for Medicines, Helsinki and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Finland; 8 Wella AG, Germany; Research Animals Department RSPCA, UK; PCS Consultant Ltd, ...