Vitamin B6 derivatives protect the retinal neurons from excitotoxic injury in vitro. However, their in vivo role in a process involving excitotoxicity, such as ischemia, remains unknown. We studied potential protective effects of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxal hydrochloride (pyridoxal) on the retinal neurons in a monkey model of transient global ischemia. Daily intravenous injection...

Xenopus retinal ganglion cell growth cones express various voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels. We showed previously that 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium have different effects on the outward currents of embryonic Xenopus retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, we asked whether these Kv channel inhibitors differentially regulate the response of retinal ganglion cell growth cones to extrinsi...

Recently, we reported a novel technique for recording all of the ganglion cells in a retinal patch and showed that their receptive fields cover visual space roughly 60 times over in the tiger salamander. Here, we carry this analysis further and divide the population of ganglion cells into functional classes using quantitative clustering algorithms that combine several response characteristics. ...

PURPOSE Currently, little or no psychophysical data exist on the decline in retinal ganglion cell density, with age or on the nature of any selective age-related loss of one cell type over another. The authors wished to determine the nature of any decline in ganglion cell density with age using measurements of peripheral grating resolution, which is directly related to ganglion cell sampling de...

Recently, we reported a novel technique for recording all of the ganglion cells in a retinal patch and showed that their receptive fields cover visual space roughly 60 times over in the tiger salamander. Here, we carry this analysis further and divide the population of ganglion cells into functional classes using quantitative clustering algorithms that combine several response characteristics. ...

To understand the transmission of sensory signals in visual pathways we studied the morphology and central projection of ganglion cell populations in marmoset monkeys. Retinal ganglion cells were labeled by photofilling following injections of retrograde tracer in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), or by intracellular injection with neurobiotin. Ganglion cell morphology was analyzed using hi...

PURPOSE Adenosine can protect retinal ganglion cells from the death that accompanies a general ischemic challenge as well as excitotoxic death. In other tissues, both A1 and A3 adenosine receptor subtypes can mediate protection. While a role for the A1 adenosine receptor in ganglion cell protection has been established, a potential for the A3 receptor has only recently been proposed. Although t...

Displaced ganglion cells were studied in the rabbit retina after filling them with horseradish peroxidase via injections into the optic nerve. These cells are primarily in areas outside of the visual streak. They are larger than other inner nuclear layer cells and are the size of the smallest neurons in the ganglion cell layer. Large labeled cells (greater than 20 microns) are found only in the...

In Penaeus indicus neuroendocrine organs plays an important role in the growth and reproduction. In Penaeus indicus four different types of neurosecretory cells such as A cell, B cell, C cell, D cell were identified. The Eyestalk of Penaeus indicus shows many neurosecretory cells, but the Brain and Thoracic ganglion shows only few neurosecretory cells. After the unilateral Eyestalk ablation the...