Carolyn Caffrey Gardner is Information Literacy Coordinator at California State University, Dominguez Hills; e-mail: [email protected]. Gabriel J. Gardner is Reference & Instructional Librarian at California State University, Long Beach; e-mail: [email protected]. ©2017 Carolyn Caffrey Gardner and Gabriel J. Gardner, Attribution-NonCommercial (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/...

A 12-year-old boy presented to his primary care physician with a painful lump at the angle of the left mandible after being kicked in the jaw during a soccer game. Over the next 2 months the lesion became progressively firmer and fine needle aspiration was attempted. Results were non-diagnostic. Panorex examination revealed a calcified mass contiguous with the left angle of the mandible. Consid...


 “Parental Alienation Syndrome” (PAS), developed by Dr. Richard Gardner in 1985, posits that a frequent dynamic child custody disputes involves vengeful mothers falsely convincing their children they have been sexually abused fathers. Although PAS is widely discredited and courts ruled it inadmissible, new formulations of the theory, such as Parental (PA), continue to play dominant role p...