Without reconstructing its genealogy, which then means history, a political-ideological phenomenon such as fascism, of Italy was the firstborn between 1910s and 1920s, can never be fully understood. Its history already provides, at least in part, interpretation, any case helps to understand phenomenon. Genealogy phenomenology are therefore type analysis that we will conduct following pages scie...

Consider a continuous-time binary branching process conditioned to have population size n at some time t , and with a chance p for recording each extinct individual in the process. Within the family tree of this process, we consider the smallest subtree containing the genealogy of the extant individuals together with the genealogy of the recorded extinct individuals. We introduce a novel repres...

Vesicomyid clams depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria for their nutriment. Endosymbionts that are transmitted cytoplasmically through eggs, such as these, should exhibit a phylogenetic pattern that closely parallels the phylogeny of host mitochondrial genes. Such parallel patterns are rarely observed, however, because they are obscured easily by small amounts of horizontal...

Kingman’s coalescent is a process which describes how ancestral lineages merge when one goes backward in time into the past. Since its introduction in the 80’s, it has become the standard genealogy model in population genetics. One of the main question in this field is to try to detect the trace of natural selection’s action in today’s genomes. One of the main tool for doing so is the celebrate...