In this paper it is shown that within a Combined Genetic Code Table, realized through a combination of Watson-Crick Table and Codon Path Cube it exists, without an exception, a strict distinction between two classes of enzymes aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, corresponding two classes of amino acids and belonging codons. By this, the distinction itself is followed by a strict balance of atom number ...

Formation of the genetic code was investigated by integration of data on amino acid composition of protein functional sites and on development of amino acid biosynthesis pathways, with the novel proposition that encodings were directed by proteins synthesized by dimers of tRNAs paired through anticodons. Elimination of anticodonic 5’A facilitated the encoding process. The succession of encoding...

The methods for establishing synthetic lifeforms with rewritten genetic codes comprising non-canonical amino acids (NCAA) in addition to canonical amino acids (CAA) include proteome-wide replacement of CAA, insertion through suppression of nonsense codon, and insertion via the pyrrolysine and selenocysteine pathways. Proteome-wide reassignments of nonsense codons and sense codons are also under...

Living organisms are the most complex, interesting and significant objects regarding all substructures of the universe. Life science is regarded as a science of the 21st century and one can expect great new discoveries in the near futures. This article contains an introductory brief review of genetic information, its coding and translation of genes to proteins through the genetic code. Some the...

We investigate using the GP paradigm to evolve linear genotypes (individuals) that consist of Java byte code. Our prototype GP system (bcGP) is implemented in Java. The evolutionary process is done completely in memory and the fitness of individuals is determined by directly executing them in the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Our scheme is an effective means for evolving native machine code for t...

The frozen accident theory of the Genetic Code was a proposal by Francis Crick that attempted to explain the universal nature of the Genetic Code and the fact that it only contains information for twenty amino acids. Fifty years later, it is clear that variations to the universal Genetic Code exist in nature and that translation is not limited to twenty amino acids. However, given the astonishi...

In PNAS, Fjell et al. (1) reveal a remarkable connection between genetics and neuroscience—a new discovery that reveals how genes shape our path through life. Their article draws thought-provoking links between modern genetics and how our brains develop, and even how we age: They find unsuspected patterns in how our genetic code drives childhood development; these patterns may even explain why ...

The genetic code encodes 20 amino acids in almost all living cells; the only known exceptions are a few organisms that use selenocysteine [1] or pirrolysine [2]. In order to acquire chemical properties not represented in this set, proteins must be modified post-translationally, be made non-ribosomally, or use co-factors. In a series of papers, Peter Schultz’s group has described how they carrie...

In this paper we propose an approach to Genetic Programming based on code reuse and we test it in the design of combinational logic circuits at the gate-level. The circuits evolved by our algorithm are compared with circuits produced by human designers, by Particle Swarm Optimization, by an n-cardinality GA and by Cartesian Genetic Programming.