the purpose of this research was to analyze efl writing tasks in the most popular esol (english for speakers of other languages) exam preparation courses in iran: ielts, toefl, fce and cae. having collected the criteria of writing task appropriateness in light of the process-oriented approach to writing instruction, 114 learner participants were asked to rate efl writing tasks based on a checkl...

During the several thousand years of Jewish history, much has been written about the nature of the Jewish concept of God. This brief section is a summary of some of the major themes. There are different definitions of the concept of "God." We do not all mean the same thing when we use the word God, even with a capital "G." While there are some similarities in the Jewish and Christian beliefs ab...

the mystics' approach towards the subject of happiness has been originated from quranic verses and divine narrations. in religious resources, admirable happiness, noticing to the benefactor, thanking him, and god's satisfaction will be followed. but indecent happiness is raised from sensual motivations cause ignorance of the benefactor and also inebriation, vanity and deviation. based...

one of the important issues in the monotheistic religions is the felicity and perfection of man. this felicity in islam and christianity is the felicitous transformation of the person so that one becomes near to god or achieves proximity to him. from the perspective of the noble qur’an and the new testament, this is a real ontological transformation, although it is gradual. according to these t...

guardianship is a magnificent term and concept that, regarding its verbal and terminological meanings, has different levels in the quran and narrations, and has ties with a variety of concepts. at one level, guardianship is exclusively for god, and at a lower level, this position has been bestowed upon the prophets and imams by the sublime god’s permission. the latter level guardianship is cond...

A. Cosmological proof of the Existence of God In the 3rd Meditation, Descartes attempts to prove that God (i) exists, (ii) is the cause of the essence of the meditator (i.e. the author of his nature as a thinking thing), and (iii) the cause of the meditator's existence (both as creator and conserver, i.e. the cause that keeps him in existence from one moment to the next). The proof that God exi...

This study tested the hypothesis that in the minds of adult religious adherents, acquired beliefs about the extraordinary characteristics of God coexist with, rather than replace, an initial representation of God formed by co-option of the evolved person concept. In three experiments, Christian religious adherents were asked to evaluate a series of statements for which core intuitions about per...

Recent polls indicate that atheists are among the least liked people in areas with religious majorities (i.e., in most of the world). The sociofunctional approach to prejudice, combined with a cultural evolutionary theory of religion's effects on cooperation, suggest that anti-atheist prejudice is particularly motivated by distrust. Consistent with this theoretical framework, a broad sample of ...