It is desirable for an intelligent program to communicate with humans using a natural language. We have recently developed a program to parse a sentence into a thought using a learned English grammar. Without learning a separate grammar, this paper discusses how we convert the learned grammatical structures into role structures. These role structures can then be used by our algorithm to generat...

In a guessing game, Ss reconstruct a sequence by guessing each successive element of the sequence from a nite set of alternatives, receiving feedback after each guess. An upper bound on Ss knowledge of the sequence is given by ^ H, the estimated entropy of the numbers of guesses. The method provides a measure of learning independent of material type and distractors, and the resulting data set i...

Evaluating spoken grammar skills is an important component of evaluating the overall spoken English skills of a candidate. This paper presents a novel approach that incorporates the knowledge of acoustic-phonetics to improve the performance of an existing spoken grammar evaluation technique in a questionanswer paradigm. A novel acoustic parameter, Onset Coherence, to make a one-pass distinction...

Much has been written about the unlikelihood of innate, syntax-specific, universal knowledge of language (Universal Grammar) on the grounds that it is biologically implausible, unresponsive to cross-linguistic facts, theoretically inelegant, and implausible and unnecessary from the perspective of language acquisition. While relevant, much of this discussion fails to address the sorts of facts t...

Naturalistic theories of language acquisition assume learners to be endowed with some innate language knowledge. The purpose of this innate knowledge is to facilitate language acquisition by constraining a learner’s hypothesis space. This paper discusses a naturalistic learning system (a Categorial Grammar Learner (CGL)) that differs from previous learners (such as the Triggering Learning Algor...

Generative phonology has the goal of developing a comprehensive and predictive model of implicit knowledge of sound structure. In this paper, I review the nature and import of the discoveries about implicit knowledge which were made possible by modern methods for gathering experimental data and for analyzing large data sets. First, it is known that languages di er in extremely ne phonetic detai...

This paper proposes a knowledge-guided fashion network to solve the problem of visual fashion analysis, e.g., fashion landmark localization and clothing category classification. The suggested fashion model is leveraged with high-level human knowledge in this domain. We propose two important fashion grammars: (i) dependency grammar capturing kinematics-like relation, and (ii) symmetry grammar ac...

In this study, the L2 acquisition of English third person-s in different settings is examined. Two types knowledge are declarative as about a grammatical rule, and procedural ability to use these rules spoken production. Data on was collected from 32 young learners Sweden 44 Vietnam. The learners' grammar assessed using elicitation instruments that captured subject-verb agreement person singula...

This paper explores the usefulness of a technique from software engineering, code instrumentation, for the development of large-scale natural language grammars. Information about the usage of grammar rules in test and corpus sentences is used to improve grammar and testsuite, as well as adapting a grammar to a speci c genre. Results show that less than half of a large-coverage grammar for Germa...