Introduction: In traffic grooming, the lower bounds on the numbers of ADMs and wavelengths are important parameters in evaluating the grooming results. Although much work has been done on the grooming of traffic in WDM ring networks and the lower and upper bounds on the number of wavelengths and the upper bound on that of ADMs are relatively easy to derive, the lower bound on the number of ADMs...

The recent emergence of wavelength-division multiplexing technology has led to a tremendous increase in the available transmission capacity in wide area networks. Consequently, these networks may no longer be limited by transmission bandwidth, but rather by the processing capability of electronic switches, routers, and multiplexers in the network. This realization has led to a new wave of resea...

A key driver of brain evolution in primates and humans is the cognitive demands arising from managing social relationships. In primates, grooming plays a key role in maintaining these relationships, but the time that can be devoted to grooming is inherently limited. Communication may act as an additional, more time-efficient bonding mechanism to grooming, but how patterns of communication are r...

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Our previous research has shown that the termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), protects itself from entomopathogenic fungi by mutual grooming behavior. The termite removes and discards foreign organisms, such as fungal conidia, from the body surface of its nestmates by mutual grooming behavior. The role of the antennae in detecting the condia was examind here. Thr...

Grooming is a widespread, essential, and complex behavior with social and affiliative valence in the non-human primate world. Its impact at the autonomous nervous system level has been studied during allogrooming among monkeys living in a semi-naturalistic environment. For the first time, we investigated the effect of human grooming to monkey in a typical experimental situation inside laborator...

As the interest of the Internet multicasting increases, the huge portion of the future traffic in optical WDM networks is expected to be strongly related to multicast applications and thus the technology for grooming such traffics also becomes important. In this study, we investigate the problem of multicast traffic grooming in WDM optical mesh networks with sparse-splitting capability. The pro...

Fossorial rodents damage lawns/water impoundments/crops. We conducted a two-choice, parametric-type study to determine the effects of capsicum-oleoresin/soil mixtures (0.00, 0.75, 1.50, and 2.25%) upon soil-contact, soil-digging, and pelage-grooming behaviors in northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). In 3 alternate-day (1-h/day) exposures to > or = 1.50% capsicum-oleoresin soil mixtures,...

Although cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit dysregulation is correlated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), causation cannot be tested in humans. We used optogenetics in mice to simulate CSTC hyperactivation observed in OCD patients. Whereas acute orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)-ventromedial striatum (VMS) stimulation did not produce repetitive behaviors, repeated hyperactivation ...