The effect of tree age, size and competition on above ground growth allocation was studied with 69 Pinus sylvestris trees. Competition was described by tree-level indicators (needle density, crown ratio and height-diameter ratio). The stem, branch and needle growth were determined by stem and branch radial increments and tree level biomass analysis. Combined growth of compartments was strongly ...

Rhizosphere, a thin area of soil surrounding roots receiving carbon (C) exudation from plants, represents a site of intense competition for available C and nutrient between surface-reactive particles and soil microorganisms. This competition can reduce the amount of available C to a critical level, it becomes limiting for microbial growth and soil organic matter decomposition. On the other hand...

Basal shoots produced by Arbutus unedo L. after cutting at ground level vary in size and growth rate, and are classified accordingly as dominant or suppressed. The suppressed shoots eventually cease growth and die. In this study, we investigated the role of light and water in the competition among shoots of A. unedo. Dominant and suppressed shoots of A. unedo showed similar leaf water potential...

We use a variational mean-field like approach, the coupled cluster method (CCM) and exact diagonalization to investigate the ground-state order-disorder transition for the square lattice spin-half XXZ model with two different nearest-neighbor couplings J and J ′. Increasing J ′ > J the model shows in the isotropic Heisenberg limit a second-order transition from semi-classical Néel order to a qu...

The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the design challenge that teams of graduate students are facing, and the solutions they devised, to develop autonomous vehicles for the worldwide speed race competition known as The Freescale Cup. The purpose of the competition is to design the fastest car able to complete an unknown racetrack autonomously. The challenge posed by the competition is a...

Aboveground competition is often argued to be the main process determining patterns of natural forest regeneration. However, the theory of multiple resource limitation suggests that seedling performance also depends on belowground competition and, thus, that their relative influence is of fundamental importance. Two approaches were used to address the relative importance of aboveand below-groun...

Males among many species, including humans, evaluate cues of sperm competition risk and adjust accordingly their sperm competition tactics. The number of potential sexual rivals can serve as an index of sperm competition risk. Therefore, men may adjust their in-pair copulatory interest in accordance with the presence of sexual rivals. Using self-reports from 45 married men, we test the hypothes...

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Competition between exotic magnetic and electronic ground states underpins the properties of strongly correlated transition metal oxides can result in phase separation (EPS). The 6H-perovskite ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{3}{\mathrm{SrMo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ exhibits no order down to 1.6 K EPS is observed at 230 K. state this material contains a complex mixture spin-singlet ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_...

A hormonal-challenge protocol was used to compare the stress response of males of Arctic ground squirrels and red squirrels during the breeding season (May). These squirrels live in the same boreal forest of the Yukon, but have very different life histories and utilize the forest in markedly different ways. Red squirrels had levels of total cortisol, maximum corticosteroid-binding capacity, and...