One of the effective methods to improve the thermal efficiency of solar collectors is using nanofluids as the coolant. The present study experimentally investigated the effect of SiO2/water nanofluid with 1% mass fraction on the performance of a symmetric collector, i.e. conical solar collector. The conical solar collector with 1 m2 area and normal to the earth was tested in Ahvaz, a city in th...

Measurement and modeling of broadband and spectral terrestrial solar radiation is important for the evaluation and deployment of solar renewable energy systems. We discuss recent developments in the calibration of broadband solar radiometric instrumentation and improving broadband solar radiation measurement accuracy. An improved diffuse sky reference and radiometer calibration and characteriza...

Measurement and modeling of broadband and spectral terrestrial solar radiation is important for the evaluation and deployment of solar renewable energy systems. We discuss recent developments in the calibration of broadband solar radiometric instrumentation and improving broadband solar radiation measurement accuracy. An improved diffuse sky reference and radiometer calibration and characteriza...

The accurate detection of clouds in satellite imagery is important in research and operational applications. Cloud cover influences the distribution of solar radiation reaching the ground where it is absorbed. Resulting fluxes of sensible and latent heat are critical to the accurate characterization of boundary layer behavior and mesoscale circulations that often lead to convective development....

High solar radiation along with extreme transparency leads to high penetration of solar radiation in the Red Sea, potentially harmful to biota inhabiting the upper water column, including zooplankton. Here we show, based on experimental assessments of solar radiation dose-mortality curves on eight common taxa, the mortality of zooplankton in the oligotrophic waters of the Red Sea to increase st...

This article focuses on the short-term prediction algorithm for ice condensation highway pavement. Solar radiation, ground long wave and atmospheric inverse radiation are main factors affecting road surface temperature changes. According to principle of heat transfer, there is a balance relationship among these three factors. Therefore, based between radiations physical formula, this designs ic...

= jlhe influence of the atmospheric-state on the extinction of direct solar radiation has been studied by using a four layer atmospheric model. Simple analytical formulae are established for the spectral optical depths of permanent gases and water vapour. These formulae use the ground level valuer of air pressure, temperature and relative humidity. An additional parameter, related to thi vertic...

Crop depends on its canopy to intercept solar radiation to drive both assimilation and water, nutrient absorption for its growth. Field experiments, involving three sowing time and three sowing rate, were conducted at Luancheng Station to investigate the effects of canopy size and development on crop growth and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of winter wheat during 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 gr...

The ability to evaluate the cosmic ray environment at Mars is of interest for future manned exploration. To support exploration, tools must be developed to accurately access the radiation environment in both free space and on planetary surfaces. The primary tool NASA uses to quantify radiation exposure behind shielding materials is the space radiation transport code, HZETRN. In order to build c...

This study is concerned with the intrinsic temporal scales of the variability of the surface solar irradiance (SSI). The data consist of decennial time-series of daily means of the SSI spanning ten years, obtained from high quality measurements of the broadband solar radiation impinging on a horizontal plane at ground level, issued from different Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) ground...