Genetics plays a central role in evolutionary biology, because only heri-table traits can evolve. Evolution by natural selection can be succinctly described as a consequence of heritable fitness variation among individuals of a population. Charles Darwin clearly understood that a mechanism of inheritance and a source of heritable variation were necessary components of a complete theory of evolu...

W hat is the difference in evolutionary optimization of molecules, viruses, bacteria, plants, animals, and man? There are thousands of features in which the elements of the optimization process differ, in particular, the degree of complexity increases tremendously from molecules to man. The Darwinian principle of multiplication with inheritance, variation, and selection, however, applies to all...

The Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) compares frequencies of transmission of two alleles from heterozygote parents to an affected offspring. This test requires all genotypes to be known from all members of the nuclear families. However, obtaining all genotypes in a study might not be possible for some families, in which case, a data set results in missing genotypes. There are many techniq...

Genetic heterogeneity was investigated using 24 microsatellite markers and genomic DNA of randomly selected birds from the control lines RIR chicken maintained at ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar. The alleles were determined on urea-PAGE, recorded GelDoc system samples genotyped. complete genotypic data set analyzed POPGENE software. observed heterozygosity (Ho) means 0.6306±0.3...