1 he Kaiser HMO system may limit the generalizability of heir results. It is possible that the observed risks are understimates of those that would be observed in a less-advantaged opulation. In conclusion, Petrini et al have provided important ew information about the long-term prognosis of infants orn at late preterm gestational ages. Pediatricians and other roviders of care to late preterm i...

We read with great interest the article recently published in CHEST (July 2015) by Spoletini et al, 1 an excellent narrative review about the mechanisms of action and clinical implications of using heated, humidifi ed highfl ow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygenation systems in adults. In their article, the authors make the recommendation that HFNC use on regular wards should be discouraged, especiall...

High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a relatively new non-invasive ventilation therapy that seems to be well tolerated in children. Recently a marked increase in the use of HFNC has been seen both in paediatric and adult care settings. The aim of this study was to review the current knowledge of HFNC regarding mechanisms of action, safety, clinical effects and tolerance in children beyond the newb...

STUDY OBJECTIVE Although preoxygenation for emergency airway management is usually performed with nonrebreather face masks or bag-valve-mask devices, some clinicians also deliver supplemental high-flow oxygen by nasal cannula. We aim to measure the efficacy of supplemental nasal cannula oxygen delivery to conventional bag-valve-mask and nonrebreather face mask preoxygenation both with and witho...

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy has several physiological advantages over traditional oxygen therapy devices, including decreased nasopharyngeal resistance, washing out of the nasopharyngeal dead space, generation of positive pressure in the pharynx, increasing alveolar recruitment in the lungs, humidification of the airways, increased fraction of inspired oxygen and improved muco...

Oxygen therapy remains the first line intervention in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Several medical devices for oxygen therapy, which range from simple nasal cannula to non-rebreathing face masks, have been used in the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.1 The choice of a specific oxygen delivery device is based on the patient’s oxygen requirements in terms of flow and desi...