For more than a century, evidence for the production of crucible steel in Central and Southern Asia, prior to European Industrial Revolution, has fascinated challenged material scientists, historians archaeologists. At same time, chromium-alloyed stainless was developed early 20th building upon 19th century experiments with low chromium steel. Here we demonstrate new intentional addition nearly...

Initial stages of the refractory degradation process by molten Al-5Mg alloy were investigated analyzing structures caused an interaction with metal during heat cycles. The aggregate, found to be poly-crystalline, consisting cristobalite (SiO2) and mullite (Al6Si2O13), was deteriorated ahead surrounding matrix. Metal permeated into refractory, forming a thin layer along crucible surface below li...

Article history: Received 1 June 2016 Received in revised form 29 November 2016 Accepted 8 December 2016 Available online xxxx Bronze production during the Iron Age of the Iberian Peninsula is characterised by the use of a relatively simple technology, based on crucible-furnaces. In an area rich in mineral resources, bronze was produced on a small scale and within settlements, to be used for ri...

results out of 617 patients, 79.6% had 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-ohd). in 21-ohd group 94.5% had classical type and 5.5% were non-classic. among the classic type 78% had salt-wasting form (sw) and 22% simple virilizing (sv). both 21-ohd-sv and sw were diagnosed more frequently in females. frequency of other types were as follow: 11-hydroxylase deficiency (11-ohd), 13.3%; 3ß-hydroxysteroid d...

Using niobium crucibles for melting phosphate and silicate glasses of various modifier oxide contents, therefore varying optical basicity (?), was found to result in dissolution rates niobate during melting. Because their high electronic polarizability, even small concentrations niobates are detectable the Raman spectra glasses. Even <1 mol% Nb2O5 can be identified, as independently confirmed b...

A horizontal travelling heater method (THM) for growing cylindrical crystals from a partially filled solution zone has been investigated for the first time. By applying ampoule rotation, the whole cross section of the crystal is successively brought into contact with the liquid solution, which is effectively stirred by forced convection. This approach was used to grow single-crystalline Hgt_xCd...