The double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) problem, in which excessive precipitation is produced in the Southern Hemisphere tropics that resembles a Southern Hemisphere counterpart to the strong Northern Hemisphere ITCZ, is perhaps the most significant and most persistent bias of global climate models. In this study, we look to the extratropics for possible causes of the double ITCZ probl...

Spherical harmonics, one of the most widely used basis functions for shape description, rely heavily on a spherical parameterization given surface. Additionally, harmonics based 3D modeling works well only closed surfaces, while many anatomical structures are hemisphere-like open objects. Therefore, it is more natural to have hemisphere-based approach their description. In this work, we propose...

Among brain functions, language is one of the most lateralized. Cortical language areas are also some of the most asymmetrical in the brain. An open question is whether the asymmetry in function is linked to the asymmetry in anatomy. To address this question, we measured anatomical asymmetry in 34 participants shown with fMRI to have language dominance of the left hemisphere (LLD) and 21 partic...

The tropospheric westerly jet is a key feature of Southern Hemisphere climate. In recent decades the strengthened in austral summer (December–February [DJF]) and moved poleward owing to Antarctic ozone hole. Future trends will be influenced by recovery hole greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. Here, we examine 21st century projections ozone, temperature winds sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Projec...

Abstract. Fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 can be measured with great precision and are used to identify human-driven sources as well natural cycles of ocean land carbon. One source variability is the stratosphere, where influx aged CO2-depleted air produce fluctuations at surface. This process has been speculated a potential interannual (IAV) that might obscure quantification other IAV. Given r...

Large-scale changes in ozone precursor emissions affect ozone directly in the short term, and also affect methane, which in turn causes long-term changes in ozone that affect surface ozone air quality. Here we assess the effects of changes in ozone precursor emissions on the longterm change in surface ozone via methane, as a function of the emission region, by modeling 10% reductions in anthrop...