We previously reported that, in male, Long Evans rats, instrumental lever pressing that had been reinforced during limited training under a variable interval (VI) schedule by oral self-administration of a 10% sucrose/10% ethanol (10S10E) solution was insensitive to devaluation of 10S10E. In contrast, lever pressing that had been reinforced under a variable ratio (VR) schedule, or by self-admini...

Differential reinforcement of low rate responding (DRL) can be defined as withholding reinforcement until probability of a target behaviour has decreased to a particular criterion. Typically, the DRL lowers the overall rate of a specific target response by incrementally increasing the time interval between responses and delivering reinforcement contingent upon a response occurring at or above t...

Elbow stiffness is a well-recognized complication following elbow trauma, but little information is available regarding the surgical treatment of elbow stiffness in children and adolescents. This article presents the results of open arthrolysis with twin incisions and a hinged external fixator to treat severe elbow contracture in children and adolescents. Twenty-one patients (mean age, 14.9 yea...

Rather than the conventional classification method, we propose to divide modular and reconfigurable robots into intra-, inter-, and nested reconfigurations. We suggest designing the robot with nested reconfigurability, which utilizes individual robots with intra-reconfigurability capable of combining with other homogeneous/heteroge‐ neous robots inter-reconfigurability . The objective of this a...

Our recent work [1] proposed a coarse in-motion alignment method, in which the adverse effect of the Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna lever arm was reported. The current note improves [1] by accounting for the prior knowledge of the lever arm. This note uses the same set of symbols as in [1] for brevity. Suppose the GPS antenna is rigidly fixed relative to the inertial navigation system ...

Myosin VI is an unconventional motor protein with unusual motility properties such as its direction of motion and path on actin and a large stride relative to its short lever arms. To understand these features, the rotational dynamics of the lever arm were studied by single-molecule polarized total internal reflection fluorescence (polTIRF) microscopy during processive motility of myosin VI alo...