in this paper, the approximate solution of the differential system modeling hiv infection of cd4+ t cells isobtained by a reliable algorithm based on an adaptation of the standard variational iteration method (vim), which is called the multi-stage variational iteration method(msvim). a comparison between msvim and the fourthorder runge-kutta method (rk4-method) reveal that the proposed techniqu...

Natural killer T (NKT) cells bridge across innate and adaptive immune responses and have an important role in chronic viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). NKT cells are depleted during chronic HIV infection, but the timing, drivers and implications of this NKT cell depletion are poorly understood. We studied human peripheral blood NKT cell levels, phenotype and function ...

patients and methods in this cross-sectional study, peripheral mononuclear cells (pbmcs) were isolated from peripheral blood of 29 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tb and 19 patients with positive tuberculin skin test. the pbmcs were activated with ppd for 72 hours. activated cells were harvested, rna was extracted and cdna was synthesized. a real-time taqman method was designed and opti...

Elevated expression of inhibitory receptors on virus-specific T cells has been implicated as a mechanism by which viruses evade host immune surveillance. Blockade of these pathways during chronic infection leads to increased T cell function and improved immune control of viral replication. To explore the association between costimulatory receptors and HIV replication, we examined the expression...

The mechanism by which CD4 T cells are depleted in HIV-infected hosts remains poorly understood. In ex vivo cultures of human tonsil tissue, CD4 T cells undergo a pronounced cytopathic response following HIV infection. Strikingly, >95% of these dying cells are not productively infected but instead correspond to bystander cells. We now show that the death of these "bystander" cells involves abor...

The stable latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting memory CD4 T cells is a major barrier to curing HIV-1/AIDS. Studies on HIV-1 latency focused on regulation and reactivation of viral gene expression in the cells in which viral latent infection is already established. However, it is not well understood how virus becomes latent. In this study, we found that in a subset of memory precursor CD4 T ce...

CD4 can be up-regulated on CD8+ T cells generating a CD4dimCD8bright phenotype. We previously demonstrated that the CD4dimCD8bright phenotype constitutes an activated phenotype of CD8+ T cells. We demonstrate here that the activated CD4dimCD8bright T cells are not undergoing apoptosis and do not produce significant intracellular levels of interferon gamma (IFNgamma), interleukin 2 (IL-2), or IL...

Background: Oral lesions are among the earliest clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection and are important in early diagnosis and for monitoring the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of oral lesions and their relationship with a number of factors in HIV/AIDS patients attending an HIV cente...

Integration is a central event in the replication of retroviruses, yet ≥ 90% of HIV-1 reverse transcripts fail to integrate, resulting in accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA in cells. However, understanding what role, if any, unintegrated viral DNA plays in the natural history of HIV-1 has remained elusive. Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA is reported to possess a limited capacity for gene expression ...

The role of Type I interferon (IFN) during pathogenic HIV and SIV infections remains unclear, with conflicting observations suggesting protective versus immunopathological effects. We therefore examined the effect of IFNα/β on T cell death and viremia in HIV infection. Ex vivo analysis of eight pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules in chronic HIV-1 infection revealed that pro-apoptotic Bak was incr...