From microbes to humans, the success of many organisms is achieved by dividing tasks among specialized group members. The evolution of such division of labor strategies is an important aspect of the major transitions in evolution. As such, identifying specific evolutionary pressures that give rise to group-level division of labor has become a topic of major interest among biologists. To overcom...

Household Interaction and the Labor Supply of Married Women Changing social norms, as reflected in the interactions between spouses, are hypothesized to affect the employment rates of married women. A model is built in order to estimate this effect, in which the employment of married men and women is the outcome of an internal household game. The type of the household game is exogenously determ...

A stable farmland tenure can optimize farmers’ allocation of production factors and then determine the income level structure farmers. In recent years, reform China’s system had been making efforts to strengthen stability tenures. Will security restrict agricultural development? Based on data 2018 China Labor Dynamics Survey (CLDS), this paper empirically analyzes impact rural household its mec...

One of the central tasks that couples face in coparenting is the division of labor. In this study, we explored division of family labor among lesbian and heterosexual couples who were parenting 4 to 6 year-old children. Sixty-six families, half headed by lesbian couples and half headed by heterosexual couples, participated in the study. Measures of parental attitudes, resources, demographics, a...

e rst entity in this comparison comprises the opening lines from Reinhard Bendix's relatively early aempt to justify the comparative method within sociological research: Like the concepts of other disciplines, sociological concepts should be universally applicable. e concept 'division of labor' , for instance, refers to the fact that the labor performed in a collectivity is specialized; the con...

When minimum down payments for durable purchases constrain a household’s debt, a persistent wage increase generates a liquidity shortage. This limits the income effect, so hours worked grow. This is the financial labor supply accelerator, which links labor supply to collateralized household borrowing. The mechanism generates a positive comovement of labor supply and household debt, whose streng...

Alternative theoretical perspectives have been presented to explain internationally effective factors affecting immigration. For example, the orthodox explanation of migration is based on the concept of wage differentials as an important factor of international immigration. The world system approach declines to interpret theoretically international migration as a phenomenon between independent ...

In this paper, we model the co-evolution of the division of labor and informal institutions based on three assumptions. First, informal institutions lower coordination costs among specialists, which increases the equilibrium division of labor. Second, advances in the division of labor increase the size of interpersonal trading groups and thereby undermine the game theoretic basis of informal in...

The oft-observed inverse relationship between farm size and productivity is generally explained by labor market imperfections. Although other explanations exist (e.g., size-sensitive cropping patterns and variable soil quality), the literature ignores uncertainty as an explanation. Using a simple two-period model of an agricultural household that both produces and consumes under price uncertain...

this paper provides an empirical investigation on individual labour supply of iranian spouses in an intra-household collective decision framework in which gender ratio plays a central role in the household’s resources allocation. the data set is taken from the socioeconomic characteristics of panel survey over the period 2001-2004 and ten yearly headcount of iran. we have conducted the paramete...