These notes provide a description of a time dependent one-dimensional energy balance climate model. I.e. it is model which is designed to simulate the latitudinal and temporal evolution of the zonally averaged or symmetric surface temperature of the Earth. The model is symmetric around equator, and it is a so called aqua-planet model, which in this context means that the simulated surface tempe...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW A fundamental advance in our understanding of endocrine control of energy balance and body weight came with the discovery of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. The leptin pathway appeared to be the long-sought peripheral signal pathway from the adipose tissue to the brain involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance. RECENT FINDINGS Initially, leptin was consi...

Based on the recently introduced fractional Taylor’s formula, a fractional heat conduction constitutive equation is formulated by expanding the single-phase lag model using the fractional Taylor’s formula. Combining with the energy balance equation, the derived fractional heat conduction equation has been shown to be capable of modeling diffusion-to-Thermal wave behavior of heat propagation by ...

Using indicator-based assessment, this study examines the energy security of nine Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries to see how it has evolved over the past 12 years and identifies a country-specific energy security context for each country. The assessment uses 42 energy security indicators, which can be separated into five components: overall energy balance, socio-...

Much recent work has focused on unforced global mean surface air temperature (T) variability associated with the efficiency of heat transport into the deep ocean. Here the relationship between unforced variability in T and the Earth’s top-of-atmosphere (TOA) energy balance is explored in preindustrial control runs of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 multimodel ensemble. It is f...

The concept of climate sensitivity has more than a century of history. According to this concept, a change in the global near-surface air temperature of the Earth, T , due to external disturbance of the Earth’s energy balance, can be linearly related to a change in the net radiation at some level in the atmosphere, F. Thus,
T F, where is the climate sensitivity. By doubling the pre-industrial ...