This paper presents the survey of the smart grid technologies, including the background, motivation and practical applications. The driving forces for the smart grid technologies are presented, including the blackout, global energy crisis and environmental protection requirement. The key technology issues for building the smart grid are discussed. The crucial elements of the smart grid and thei...

As the complexity of power networks increases, the installation of devices such as High Voltage Direct Current links (HVDC) and Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), and the use of advanced control techniques, can be used to improve network stability. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is an example of such an advanced control technique. However, it is often impractical to implement this techni...

HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission is an effective way to transport electrical power over long distances by using direct current. The insulation system of HVDC components has to be designed for both AC and DC field distributions. It consists of mineral oil and pressboard. The used insulation material behavior has not been completely understood under DC stress. In this paper, electr...

Phase locked loop and synchronization techniques are one of the most important issues for operating grid-interfaced converters in practical applications, which involve Distributed Power Generation Systems, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Transmission, and so on. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recently developed phase locked loo...

Resonances can have negative impact on a Voltage Source Converter-High Voltage DC (VSC-HVDC) system. This paper develops dc impedance models for the rectifier and inverter stations for a VSC-HVDC system when they are viewed from a dc terminal. The impedance models take converter controllers into account. The derived impedance models are validated by comparing frequency responses of the analytic...

This paper proposes a control method of the modular multilevel converter based high voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) system for the grid voltage stability instead of using a static synchronous compensator (Statcom). The d-axis current component is used to control the grid voltage via the reactive power. Meanwhile, the q-axis current component is employed to control the active power according t...

AC-HVDC-AC energy conversion systems using MMC (modular multilevel converters) are becoming popular to integrate distributed energy systems to the main grid. Such multilevel converters pose a serious problems for HIL (hardware in the loop) simulators required for control, protection design and testing due to the large number of cells that must be simulated individually using very small time ste...

The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) topology is becoming an attractive solution for HVDC and FACTS systems. MMC structures are composed from several hundreds to thousands of half-bridge converters. Such large numbers of power switches and electrical nodes introduce important computational difficulties in electromagnetic transient (EMT) type programs. This becomes particularly more complex fo...

This paper proposes a fault-location method for voltage-source converter (VSC)-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems. This method relies on the current frequency components generated by faults in the cable, and requires the arrival time of the frequency components at two terminals. The S transform is a time–frequency analysis tool that is superior to the wavelet transform in some...

The fast development of power electronics based on new and powerful semiconductor devices has led to innovative technologies, such as HVDC, which can be applied to transmission and distribution systems. The distribution voltage level is smaller than the transmission one, thus the power electronics are less expensive in distribution. The technical and economical benefits of this technology repre...