Salmet introduced a notion of hypothetical knowledge and showed how it could be used to capture the type of counterfactual reasoning necessary to force the backwards induction solution in a game of perfect information. He argued that while hypothetical knowledge and the extended information structures used to model it bear some resemblance to the way philosophers have used conditional logic to ...

Ventilation duct serves as a potential target for bioterrorist attack. Understanding the dynamics of aerosolized harmful agents in the ventilation ducts provides the fundamentals for effective control and management, e.g., risk assessment. In this work, new models for predicting the concentration dynamics in the ventilation duct after a particle resuspension (representing the case that harmful ...

The construction site layout (CSL) design presents a particularly interesting area of study because of its relatively high level of attention to usability qualities, in addition to common engineering objectives such as cost and performance. However, it is difficult combinatorial optimization problem for engineers. Swarm intelligence (SI) was very popular and widely used in many complex optimiza...

Abstract Most ultrasound contrast agents used in ultrasonic imaging comprise shell-encapsulated microbubbles, whose ingredients have been associated with adverse bioeffects. In this study, we investigated the nucleation behaviour of carbon black dispersion, hydrophobic nanoparticles are intradermally. For a hypothetical, perfectly spherical particle surrounded by gaseous void, derived theoretic...

We argue that Russell’s treatment of propositions containing non-existent denotations is the prelude a strategy for discerning predictive content any proposition with descriptions (and incomplete symbols), insofar as its indeterminacy classifiable possible extension. argue, further, theory propositional functions dedicated to explaining discernibility hypothetical propositions, through represen...