We demonstrated in laboratory experiments that temperature control of marine bacteria action on diatoms strongly influences the coupling of biogenic silica and organic carbon preservation. Low temperature intensified the selective regeneration of organic matter by marine bacteria as the silicon:carbon preservation ratio gradually increased from approximately 1 at 33 degrees C to approximately 6...

We have investigated the mobility of bromoform (CHBr3) and chloroform (CHCl3) on amorphous solid water and crystalline ice surfaces, by monitoring their adsorption and desorption behavior using temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. Up to its desorption temperature, of 140 K, CHCl3 does not diffuse over the crystalline ice surface, wherea...

Of critical importance to avalanche forecasting is the ability to draw meaningful conclusions from potentially only a small handful of field observations. With this in mind, our research focuses on the development of a new field metric for estimating the likelihood and rate at which new ice crystal growth and kinetic snow metamorphism may be occurring on or near a buried ice lens or crust that ...

There is growing evidence that a metastable phase of ice, cubic ice, plays an important role in the Earth's troposphere and stratosphere. Cubic ice may also be important in diverse fields such as cryobiology and planetary sciences. Using X-ray diffraction, we studied the formation of cubic ice in pure water droplets suspended in an oil matrix as a function of droplet size. The results show that...

The freezing of liquid water into ice was studied inside a gap of nanometer spacing under the control of electric fields and gap distance. The interfacial water underwent a sudden, reversible phase transition to ice in electric fields of 10(6) V m(-1) at room temperature. The critical field strength for the freezing transition was much weaker than that theoretically predicted for alignment of w...

Introduction: Ureilites are fragments of the mantle of a small (~100 km radius) asteroid that underwent ~30% partial melting at depths corresponding to pressures in the range 30-125 bars [1,2]. The preservation of oxygen isotopic heterogeneity on the ureilite parent body (UPB), despite high-T igneous processing [1], suggests that melts were extracted very rapidly. To determine if this was possi...

BACKGROUND In the UK, the 2009/10 winter was characterised by sustained low temperatures; grit stocks became depleted and surfaces left untreated. We describe the relationship between temperature and emergency hospital admissions for falls on snow and ice in England, identify the age and gender of those most likely to be admitted, and estimate the inpatient costs of these admissions during the ...

The effects of different preservation conditions (temperature 20-25 or 10-15 degrees C; duration 12 or 24 h) for ovaries of Cervus nippon yesoensis on in vitro maturation of oocytes were examined. When ovaries were kept for 12 h at 20-25 degrees C, maturation rate of oocytes was highest (71%); however, it declined when the preservation time was extended to 24 h (31%). When the preservation temp...

We studied electrostatic charging of ice films induced by the impact of 1−200-keV Ar+ ions and their subsequent discharging postirradiation. We derived the positive surface electrostatic potential from the kinetic energy of sputtered molecular ions and with a Kelvin probe. Measurements were performed as a function of film thickness, temperature, and ion energy. Charging requires that the projec...