The induction of antigen-specific primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in vitro clearly requires interactions between several cell types and soluble mediators (1-5). One essential interaction occurs between the Lyt-2 + C T L precursor (CTL-P) and an antigen-activated Lyt-1 + helper T cell (6-8). This interaction is considered to occur by way of soluble mediator such as interleukin 2 (...

Perforin and the serine protease granzymes are key effectors of CD8+ T cell granule-mediated cytotoxicity, but the requirements for their expression remain largely undefined. We show in this study that IL-2 increased the expression of perforin and granzyme A, B, and C mRNA; intracellular granzyme B protein levels; and cytolytic function in a dose-dependent manner during primary activation of mu...

Male BXSB mice develop lupus-like disease and die early in life (4 to 5 mo) whereas female mice do not. Others have demonstrated that CD4+ cells from male mice support B cell resistance to tolerance induction to human gamma-globulin (HGG). In this study, male and female mice tolerized at 2 mo of age with deaggregated HGG and subsequently immunized with HGG in comparison with mice immunized only...

the central role of dendritic cells (dcs) as bridging innate and adaptive immunity leads to the expanding use of these cells in the poultry vaccine studies. the most effective way to produce enough dcs is monocyte transformation by combined induction of interleukin-4 (il-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf). in this study full length of chicken il-4 (cil-4) cdna was ...

The agonists of toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been actively pursued for their antitumor potentials, either as monotherapy or as adjuvants to vaccination or other therapeutic modalities (1). A search on ClinicalTrials.gov using the key words “TLR” and “cancer” returned 34 listings. The idea of using TLR agonist to provide a “danger signal” and break tolerance to tumor antigens has been well em...

BACKGROUND Anaesthesia and surgery are associated with impairment of the immune system expressed as an excessive proinflammatory immune response and suppression of cell-mediated immunity that may affect the course of the postoperative period. Addition of anaesthetic agents capable of attenuating the alterations in perioperative immune function may exert a favourable effect on patients' healing....

IL-33 is a novel member of the IL-1 cytokine family and a potent inducer of type 2 immunity, as mast cells and Th2 CD4+ T cells respond to IL-33 with the induction of type 2 cytokines such as IL-13. IL-33 mRNA levels are extremely high in the CNS, and CNS glia possess both subunits of the IL-33R, yet whether IL-33 is produced by and affects CNS glia has not been studied. Here, we demonstrate th...

Tolerance to alloantigen may be induced in rats by administration of blood followed by transplantation of a renal allograft. The mechanism of this tolerance was investigated by directly analyzing the functional activity of graft-infiltrating cells. We have previously shown cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration of, and major histocompatibility complex induction on, grafts of tolerant animals. We n...