In a vaccine trial setting, intracellular cytokine staining assays measure whether individuals respond to a vaccine. They do so by measuring how antigen-specific T–cells respond to antigen stimulation. Antigen-specific T–cells that respond to antigen express one or multiple cytokines (i.e., IFNg, IL2, TNFa, IL4). The strength of response is measured as the fraction of antigen-specific T-cells e...

The T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing molecules (Tim) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of immune diseases. In this study, we used quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to examine the Tim 1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Henoch Schonlein purpura patients. The results showed that Tim1 mRNA expression was signifi...

Different pathways of macrophage differentiation and activation lead to diverse macrophage phenotypes including expression of cell surface molecules, cytokine secretion and transcription profiles. Here we investigated in vitro the impact of inflammatory or anti-inflammatory polarization of human primary macrophages on their susceptibility to Influenza A virus infection and characterised innate ...

Normally expressed in B-cells. Its expression has been shown on T-cells, Langerhans cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, and eosinophils as well. Through alternative splicing 2 major isoforms are produced, FCER2a (CD23a) and FCER2b (CD23b), both of which are expressed on B-cells. FCER2a is constitutively expressed, whereas FCER2b is induced by several cytokines, especially by IL4. There ar...

Methods We performed gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy in 16 children with JIA suffering from gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The control children (n=25) had GIsymptoms, but eventually were shown not to have any significant GI disease. We analyzed in duodenal and ileal biopsy samples the mRNA expression of IFNg, TGFb, IL6, IL4, FoxP3, IL17A, CTLA4, ICOS, GITR, IL10, IL18, IL12p40, IL23, TLR2, ...