in recent decades, theorists proposed the role of domestic components such as interior active groups, policies and macroeconomic indicators on determination of protection policies. in the context of recent studies, this study has investigated the effect of business cycle fluctuations on import protection for selected developing countries in 1995-2011 by using dynamic panel data method. furtherm...

IDDRA Ltd Analysis of the impact on ACP countries of opening up the EU import market for canned tuna 1 Abstract In mid-2003 ACP canned tuna producers lost a degree of their comparative advantage over the larger Asian producers when the EU, abiding by a WTO ruling, assigned Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia a 25,000 tonnes import quota of reduced tariff canned tuna. Protected by zero-rated...

Nuclear import of some viral proteins depends on importin a proteins. However, no preferences of distinct a-importins for any viral protein import have been demonstrated. We used in vitro import assays and observed that all ubiquitously expressed human importin a isoforms mediate nuclear translocation of adenoviral E1A. Competition with nucleoplasmin suggests that importin a3 is the most effici...

The nuclear import of proteins typically requires the presence of a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Some proteins have more than one NLS, but the significance of having multiple NLSs is unclear. The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) has three NLSs that, unlike the tight cluster of basic residues of the classical SV40 large T antigen NLS, contain dispersed basic residues. When attached to green ...

It is well established that import of proteins into mitochondria can occur after their complete synthesis by cytosolic ribosomes. Recently, an additional model was revived, proposing that some proteins are imported co-translationally. This model entails association of ribosomes with the mitochondrial outer membrane, shown to be mediated through the ribosome-associated chaperone nascent chain-as...

Mitochondria import nuclear-encoded precursor proteins to four different subcompartments. Specific import machineries have been identified that direct the precursor proteins to the mitochondrial outer membrane, inner membrane or matrix, respectively. However, a machinery dedicated to the import of mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) proteins has not been found so far. We have identified the...

Competition among private Medicare Advantage (MA) plans is seen by some as leading to lower premiums and expanded benefits. But how much competition exists in MA markets? Using a standard measure of market competition, our analysis finds that 97 percent of markets in U.S. counties are highly concentrated and therefore lacking in significant MA plan competition. Competition is considerably lower...