In recent years, attacks on wokeness have undermined the scope and methods of history education in U.S. American schools colleges. Current critiques by conservatives that curtails freedom ignores significance struggle for Black freedom. This article historicizes ‘woke,’ puts term into context elucidates its meaning fight against inequality discrimination United States. The does not offer a comp...

With amplified warming and record sea ice loss, the Arctic is the canary of global warming. The historical Arctic warming is poorly understood, limiting our confidence in model projections. Specifically, Arctic surface air temperature increased rapidly over the early 20th century, at rates comparable to those of recent decades despite much weaker greenhouse gas forcing. Here, we show that the c...

We estimate the intergenerational correlation in homeownership status between two generations for cohorts covering 20th century. First, we find higher France compared to previous results obtained U.K. similar cohorts. Second, is increasing across cohorts, with a relatively stable probability of being homeowner children homeowners over time, and decreasing whose parents were not homeowners. Thir...

Vaccines have a history that started late in the 18th century. From the late 19th century, vaccines could be developed in the laboratory. However, in the 20th century, it became possible to develop vaccines based on immunologic markers. In the 21st century, molecular biology permits vaccine development that was not possible before.