Age-based prediction equations of maximal heart rate (HRmax), such as the popular formulas Fox's 220-age, or Tanaka's 208-0.7 × age, have been widely used in various populations. Surprisingly, so far these equations have not been validated in marathon runners, despite the importance of the role of HRmax for training purposes in endurance running. The aim of the present study was to examine the ...

The effect of population growth and demographic transitionon economic developmenthas been well documented. The population growth in Iraqi Kurdistan is passing through a critical stage of demographic transition. It is, in fact, extremely likely that the region will fail to efficiently move through the demographic transition and will experience a long period in the demographic trap, i.e. the popu...

Rob Kass presents a fascinating vision of a “post”Bayes/frequentist-controversy world in which practical utility of statistical models is the guiding principle for statistical inference. I agree with Kass on many points. In particular, Kass is correct (in my opinion) when he notes that much modern statistical work develops statistical models (the theoretical world) and asks whether the models p...

The long trend of low unemployment and increasing economical growth in Sweden was broken in the early 1990’s. In a short time the rate of unemployment had risen from 1.3% in 1990 to 8.2% in 1993. A previous study made in Stockholm showed that among the longterm sick-listed 20% were unemployed. The sparsely populated areas in the furthermost northern counties of Sweden have had a high rate of un...

This paper examines Action Research into School Exclusion (Project ARISE), a twoyear research partnership between K-12 students and university researchers. Based on the principles of participatory action research (PAR), the project intentionally brought together university researchers, K-12 students, and pre-service teachers to bridge research and practice for the purpose of improving learning ...

The objectives of this article are to provide a short history of dentistry and dental education in Brazil and to analyze the nature of its development to date. The databases consulted are those provided by the Brazilian Federal Council of Dentistry, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brazilian Ministry of Education, National Institute of Studies and Educational Research Anísio Teixeira, and Brazilia...

T he squat is widely used as a staple exercise in resistance training programs. It is used by athletic and recreational populations alike to enhance both strength and hypertrophy of the lower-body musculature and improve functional performance (17). However, considerable controversy exists as to optimal squat depth, particularly as to whether deep squatting increases the risk of injury to the k...

Programs for testing and training of difficult vowel distinctions in American English were created for subjects to access via the Internet using a web browser. The testing and training data include many likely vowel confusions for speakers of different L1s. The training program focuses on one distinction at a time, and adjusts to concentrate on particular contexts or exemplars that are difficul...

The University of Kentucky College of Dentistry (UKCD) established an implant training program that provides training in the use of a single implant system, evidence-based diagnostic and treatment protocols (standardized work practices), and a total quality management system (Implant Quality Assurance Program). The aim of this study was to assess the programmatic effectiveness of the UKCD impla...