The lateral buildup ratio (LBR) used to estimate the depth dose distribution of electron beams for an irregular cutout field was obtained for a 4-MeV energy beam from a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator. The depth-dose curves for a group of circular cutout fields starting from a 2-cm diameter were measured. Electron diodes were used in a large water tank to measure the LBR values for 6, 9, 12, an...

introduction use of hadron therapy as an advanced radiotherapy technique is increasing. in this method, secondary particles are produced through primary beam interactions with the beam-transport system and the patient’s body. in this study, monte carlo simulations were employed to determine the dose of produced secondary particles, particularly neutrons during treatment. materials and methods i...

The MedAustron accelerator (Wiener Neustadt, Austria) will deliver clinical beams of protons (60 250 MeV) and carbon ions (120 400 MeV/n) to three ion beam therapy irradiation rooms (IR). Clinical beams and proton beams up to 800 MeV will be provided in a fourth IR, dedicated to non-clinical research. A slow-extracted proton beam of maximum clinical energy reached for the first time the IR3 in ...

Harmonic number Frequency Number of klystrons Power per klystron Number of five-cell cavities (aluminum) Shunt impedance per unit length Total shunt impedance Rst Natural bunch length (uz) Momentum compaction factor Current per beam Luminosity Synchrotron radiation loss per turn Parasitic mode energy loss per turn* Peak cavity voltage VP** Total RF power Fundamental mode cavity dissipation PC S...

The results of model calculations on nuclide yields produced in selected scenarios using reactions with U nuclei are presented. The calculation combines the modelling of the initial reaction mechanism, the deexcitation process including the fission competition with the prediction of the nuclide production in the fission of excited U and all daughter nuclei produced in the evaporation cascade. T...

High atomic number and high-energy (HZE) particles in deep space are of low abundance but substantially contribute to the biological effects of space radiation. Shielding is so far the most effective way to partially protect astronauts from these highly penetrating particles. However, simulated calculations and measurements have predicted that secondary particles resulting from the shielding of...

We used the GEANT4 Monte Carlo MC Toolkit to simulate carbon ion beams incident on water, tissue, and bone, taking into account nuclear fragmentation reactions. Upon increasing energy of primary beam, position Bragg-Peak transfers a location deeper inside phantom. For different materials, peak is located at shallower depth along beam direction becomes sharper with electron density NZ. Subsequen...

By using the OTR angular distribution property [1], it is possible to extract the energy and the angular dispersion of several kinds of beam [2]. Recently, Le Sage et al. [3] succeeded in producing a transverse phase-space mapping of a 100 MeV electron beam by coupling an interferometric measurement and a ’’mask’’ technique. We present the first OTR time resolved angular distribution measuremen...