Complex systems are often inherently non-ergodic and non-Markovian and Shannon entropy loses its applicability. Accelerating, path-dependent and aging random walks offer an intuitive picture for non-ergodic and non-Markovian systems. It was shown that the entropy of non-ergodic systems can still be derived from three of the Shannon–Khinchin axioms and by violating the fourth, the so-called comp...

Biodiversity assessment of tropical taxa is hampered by their tremendous richness, which leads to large numbers of singletons and incomplete inventories in survey studies. Species estimators can be used for assessment of alpha diversity, but calculation of beta diversity is hampered by pseudo-turnover of species in undersampled plots. To assess the impact of unseen species, we investigated diff...

In some cases,the Shannon code does not perform optimally. Consider a Bernoulli random variable X with parameter 0.0001. An optimal encoding requires only one bit to encode the value of X. The Shannon code would encode 0 by 1 bit and encode 1 by log 104 bits. This is good on average but bad in the worst case. We can also compare the Shannon code to the Huffman code. The Huffman code always has ...

A new set of time-dependent deterministic sampling (TDDS) measures, based on local Shannon entropy, are presented to adaptively gauge the importance of various regions on a potential energy surface and to be employed in "on-the-fly" quantum dynamics. Shannon sampling and Shannon entropy are known constructs that have been used to analyze the information content in functions: for example, time-s...

We developed a user friendly software tool to identify the potential binding sites of any regulatory protein based on Shannon relative entropy method. Known DtxR binding sites of Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae) were used to generate a position specific reference profile for DtxR which was used to identify the potential DNA binding sites within the upstream sequences of Corynebacter...

As the strength of a stimulus increases, the proportions of correct binary responses increases, which define the psychometric function. Simultaneously, mean reaction times (RT) decrease, which collectively define the chronometric function. However, RTs are traditionally ignored when estimating psychophysical parameters, even though they may provide additional Shannon information. Here, we exten...

5 Information 15 5.1 Information As Surprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5.2 Average Shannon Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.3 How Surprised Should You Be? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.4 Entropy As Average Shannon Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.5 Dicing...

genetic structure and pathogenic diversity of sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of canola white stem rot, were assessed through mycalial compatibility groupings (mcgs), a comparison and comparing of isolate virulence. fifty-seven isolates from three different regions in golestan province were selected for mycelial compatibility and as well for virulence tests. within the 57 tested isol...

a faunistic list of syrphidae sampled in the agroecosystems of neyshabur (khorasan-razavi province) through malaise, yellow water traps and hand net is hereby presented for the first time. a total of 22 species were collected, including 13 species through malaise trap, 5 through yellow water trap as well as representatives of all species sampled through hand net. among the species collected, 8 ...

silvicultural operation need to notice the plant species diversity in forest. to this study gomarlang district in marivan region, northern zagros forest was selected. selected 100 ha area because have similar physiography condition (north aspect and 1650 to 1800 m s.a.l. in study area 100 micro plots of 5m by 5 m (25 m2) including the species and the numbers of this species randomized-systemati...