Several reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated the incontrovertible benefits of statin therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). But the role for statins in primary prevention remained unclear. The updated 2013 Cochrane review has put to rest all lingering doubts about the overwhelming benefits of long-term statin therapy in primary prevention by conclusively demonstrating hig...

Introduction Developments in the management of fish reproduction have had major impacts on the growth of aquaculture. The capability to spawn fishes under controlled conditions ensures an adequate supply of young for growout, whether for food or stocking (Zohar, 1989; Yaron and Zohar, 1993). Artificial propagation techniques have facilitated worldwide introduction of important species by removi...

TNFα is a pleotropic cytokine that exerts its effect in many cell types via TNFR. In spite of their well-established roles in various biological events, neither TNFα nor TNFR is essential for normal mouse development, and mice deficient in either, like CARP2-null mice, developed normally and exhibited no defects without a challenge [6,7]. Similarly, deletion in mice of c-IAP or c-IAP2, proteins...

Pain is the major sense in vertebrates that performs signaling and protective functions in the case of potential damage to the body. The problem of pain, which is of prime importance for humans, is extensively investigated in higher vertebrates [1], However, only a few works have attempted to study the sense of pain in fish. Verheijen [2] regarded a kind of "cough" observed in carps on damaging...

The study was undertaken to determine bacterial contamination of warm-water fish ponds and silver carps harvested from those ponds in Guilan province, Iran. In this respect, water samples were taken from 7 ponds and investigated by testing total bacteria, coliforms, and Escherichia coli. In addition, skin swab samples of silver carps caught from each pond were studied for enumeration of the sam...

a total of 3528 specimens of freshwater turtles belonging to two families viz., geoemydidae (brown river turtle, kachuga smithi; indian saw-backed turtle, k. tecta; brahminy rrive turtle, hardella thurgi; spotted pond turtle, geoclemys hamiltonii) and trionychidae (indian soft-shell turtle, aspederates gangeticus; peacock soft-shell turtle, a.hurum; narrow-headed soft-shell turtle, chitra indic...

During the past three decades mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined dramatically. This is believed to be due to both declining incidence and improved survival in those with clinical disease although the contributions of public health programs on the one hand, and clinical interventions on the other, is hard to quantify. While aged standardised hospital admissions rates for ac...