When Islam had offered a new perspective both politically and intellectually to the humanity at beginning of 7th century, Muslims have conquered important, antique, cultural centers like Damascus (15 / 636), Aleppo (h.16) Antioch (h.17) in short period time. While was quickly spreading wide geographic area, works which contains knowledge ancient cultures civilizations were translated into Arabi...

The Indian e-commerce market was worth 75,000 crore, in 2013, according to a joint report by KPMG and Internet and Mobile Association of India. India has the potential to double its economic contribution via Internet, from 1.6 percent GDP at present to 2.8 and 3.3 percent by 2015 [MCkensy’2012]. Indian E-commerce is most likely to generate employment for 1.45 million people in coming two years....

According to the Naiy~yikas, the logicians of the Ny~ya school of Indian philosophy, there are four kinds of valid cognition, i.e. sense-perception (pratyaks.a), inference (anurr~na), comparison (upam~na) and verbal cognition (gabda-ja~na). Linguistic utterances (gabda) are the means of verbal cognition, and only valid linguistic utterances can lead to valid verbal cognitions. For this reason, ...

Physics as part of natural science and philosophy explicitly or implicitly uses logic, and from this point of view all cultures that studied nature [e.g. 1-4] must have had logic. But the question of the origins of logic as a formal discipline is of special interest to the historian of physics since it represents a turning inward to examine the very nature of reasoning and the relationship betw...

Optimal design of cantilever reinforced concrete retaining wall can lead considerable cost saving if its involvement in hill road formation and railway line formation is significant.  A study of weight reduction optimization of reinforced cantilever retaining wall subjected to a sloped backfill using Differential Evolution Algorithm (DEA) is carried out in the present research.  The r...

background: we aimed to determine the frequency of liver copper storage diseases in iranian children with cryptogenic chronic liver disease (cld). materials and methods: one-hundred and twenty children (52 girls, 70 boys; age range: 3 months-14 years) with cld who attended children's medical center in tehran, iran during the years 1997 through 1999, were enrolled. all viral, metabolic and autoi...

W hen Judith Salmon Kaur , M.D., wants to get a little laugh from an audience of oncologists, she talks about her maiden Choctaw Cherokee surname. “I tell them it’s very appropriate to be a salmon and going into cancer re search and cancer prevention because you’re always swimming upstream.” But that’s not so true nowadays, given the recent recognition of Kaur’s research. After decades of study...