Levodopa-induced dyskinesia of the limbs in thirteen cases of Parkinsonism, which was choreic, ballistic or dystonic in type, was alleviated almost completely by stereotaxic surgery using a microelectrode technique for the ventralis oralis anterior and posterior nuclei of the thalamus, but much less by the ventralis intermedius nucleus. Control of levodopa-induced dyskinesias by thalamic lesion...

Transient dyskinesia induced by deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease (PD) has previously been reported as an intra-operative side effect usually indicating excellent lead placement and a positive outcome. Generally, stimulation-induced dyskinesia occurs contralateral to the side of stimulation. We report a case in which a patient developed a severe bilateral “dyskinetic storm” u...

Dyskinesia, a major complication of treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), involves two phases: induction, which is responsible for dyskinesia onset, and expression, which underlies its clinical manifestation. The unique cellular and regional distribution of adenosine A(2A) receptors in basal ganglia areas that are richly innervated by dopamine, and their antagonistic role towards dopamine rece...

BACKGROUND Tardive dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by involuntary muscle movements that occur as a complication of long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs. It has been suggested to be related to a malfunctioning of the indirect pathway of the motor part of the cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit, which may be caused by oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. METHODS The pu...

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