There are three major considerations affecting the quantity and quality of protein to be given to a low-birth-weight baby. These are (a) requirements for normal growth and body composition, (b) development of protein and amino acid metabolism, and (c) renal function. A number of different techniques have been used to estimate the requirements in adults, for example, nitrogen balance, body compo...

Data on clinical safety and efficacy are ideally collected in a randomized clinical trial or, failing this, an observational study. Suitable outcomes vary depending on the intervention and population group, and certain outcomes such as growth may test both efficacy and safety. The use of growth as an important safety outcome has some limitations since it is currently not clear what represents a...

Non-communicable diseases (NCD) and atherosclerotic CVD in particular, are the most important health problems of the 21st century. Already in every world region except Africa, NCD account for greater mortality than communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions combined. Although modifiable lifestyle factors in adults are the main determinants, substantial evidence now suggests th...

Survival of preterm neonates in developing world has improved. Developing countries lag behind in nutritional management in NICU especially parenteral nutrition (PN). This randomized controlled trial was done to evaluate the effect of aggressive parenteral nutrition on nitrogen retention of sick VLBW and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) babies. From September 2009 to February 2010, total 34 ba...

An extensive clinical study is being made to evaluate the role of the essential fatty acids in infant feeding. After care ful explanation of the nature of the study, the mothers of several hundred infants have chosen to participate. The chief criteria of selection are that the parents seem anxious to co operate and that the infants are normal neonates. The individ ual subjects include children ...

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Gluten is the major protein component of wheat, rye and barley. The major predisposing genes are the HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genotypes found in at least 95 % of patients. CD is one of the most common lifelong disorders on a worldwide basis affecting 0.5-1 % of the general p...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to explore information available regarding iodine secretion in milk, both mothers and infants iodine nutrition during breastfeeding and to make recommendations for appropriate iodine supplementation during lactation. DESIGN MEDLINE was queried for studies between 1960 and 2007 that included lactation and breastfeeding with iodine and iodine deficiency. Stud...

INTRODUCTION Optimal nutrition is critical in the management of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infant. METHODS The type of feeding, initiation, route and schedule of feeding, and the rate of increase in feeding volume were reviewed. RESULTS Human milk from the preterm infant's mother is the feeding of choice. When full enteral feeding is established, supplementation of human milk with a m...

The omega-3 fatty acids are essential dietary nutrients and one of their important roles is providing the fatty acid with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds known as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for nervous tissue growth and function. Inadequate intakes of omega-3 fatty acids decrease DHA and increase omega-6 fatty acids in the brain. Decreased DHA in the developing brain leads to deficits in neurogen...

Introduction: Sub-optimal infant and early childhood feeding practices in India contribute to the high burden of child under-nutrition and infant death. Objective: To study the effect of breastfeeding duration on the survival of infants along with other demographic, socioeconomic and service related factors and to compare the decadal changes in the association. Methods: A total of 36,754 and 26...