to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in horses, a total of 200 fecal specimens were collected randomly from five farms in tehran. samples were taken during a year, 50 specimens each season. of these specimens, 57 were obtained from caspian pony. the presence of oocysts in the samples was confirmed by modified ziehl-neelsen staining of direct smears of the fecal material fr...

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection in felids results mainly from oronasal exposure to infectious saliva and nasal secretions, but the potential for viral transmission through faeces and urine has not been completely characterized. In order to assess and compare potential FeLV transmission routes, we determined the viral kinetics in plasma, saliva, faeces and urine during early experimental...

BACKGROUND Vibrio cholerae infections cluster in households. This study's objective was to quantify the relative contribution of direct, within-household exposure (for example, via contamination of household food, water, or surfaces) to endemic cholera transmission. Quantifying the relative contribution of direct exposure is important for planning effective prevention and control measures. ME...