The lung responds to a variety of insults in a remarkably consistent fashion but with inconsistent outcomes that vary from complete resolution and return to normal to the destruction of normal architecture and progressive fibrosis. Increasing evidence indicates that diffuse lung disease results from an imbalance between the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, with a persistent im...

Inflammatory pain is characterized by an increased response to mechanical or heat stimuli, which are normally only mildly painful (mechanical or thermal hyperalgesia). Inflammatory mediators may elicit pain by activating peripheral nociceptors, by promoting further release of inflammatory mediators and, most significantly, by sensitizing primary afferent neurons to any kind of stimuli. On the o...

Progress of inflammation depends on the balance between two biological mechanisms: pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving processes. Many extracellular and intracellular molecular components including cytokines, growth factors, steroids, neurotransmitters, and lipidergic mediators and their receptors contribute to the two processes, generated from cellular participants during inflammation. Fatty ac...

Objective In this study we investigate the association between the expression of inflammatory mediators measured in clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy, stroke etiology, and the susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) on gradient-echo (GRE) MR imaging in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods We performed molecular analysis of intracranial clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy from 82 p...

Eosinophils are effector cells that migrate toward several mediators released at inflammatory sites to perform their multiple functions. The mechanisms driving eosinophil selective accumulation in sites of allergic inflammation are well-established and involve several steps controlled by adhesion molecules, priming agents, chemotactic, and surviving factors. Even though the majority of studies ...

Orthodontic forces are known to produce mechanical damage and inflammatory reactions in the periodontium and dental pulp, as well as inflammatory mediators, e.g. prostaglandins, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand, in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and dental pulp. We have studied the effects of aging on the production of...

Inflammatory mediators act on peripheral sensory neurons to produce pain and hypersensitivity after tissue injury. In this issue of Neuron, Dina et al. report that inflammatory mediators, such as epinephrine and prostaglandins, appear to couple to specific G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways through plastic interactions with the cytoskeleton.

BACKGROUND The hypothesis was tested that the systemic immune milieu in recent-onset type 1 diabetes is associated with residual beta cell function and other metabolic patient characteristics. METHODS AND FINDINGS All patients (n = 89, 40% female) of the Diabetes and Atorvastatin (DIATOR) Trial were analyzed at recruitment, i.e. prior to receiving the study medication. Inclusion criteria were...