Informal settlement mapping is essential for planning, as well resource and utility management. Developing efficient ways of determining the properties informal settlements (when, where, who) critical upgrading services planning. Remote sensing data are increasingly used to understand built environments. In this study, we combine two sources data, very-high-resolution imagery time-series Landsa...

background: informal payments in the health sector of many developing countries are considered as a major impediment to health care reforms. informal payments are a form of systemic fraud and have adverse effects on the performance of the health system. in this study, the frequency and extent of informal payments as well as the determinants of these payments were investigated in general hospita...

The empirical evidence from literature has disclosed that the extensive share of world’s population continues to live in informal settlements due economic, social, and welfare disparities. These possess attributes poor infrastructure utilities services. In reality, excessive housing prices, economic incapacity, insufficient technical abilities among people, they are forced such dilapidated sett...

Majority of world population live in poverty and struggle to fulfil the most basic needs like health, education, access water sanitation. Past studies indicate resources deprivation among residents informal settlements. In Africa, 43% individuals are living destitution urban territories a proportion which compares with 59% people rural areas. Due high rate traders settlements unable financial s...

Exchanges and other trading platforms are often vertically integrated to carry out trading, clearing and settlement as one operation. We show that such vertical silos can prevent efficiency gains from horizontal consolidation of trading and settlement platforms to be realized. Independent of the gains from such consolidation, when costs of settlement are private information, there is no mechani...

Inadequate urban sanitation disproportionately impacts the social determinants of women's health in informal settlements or slums. The impacts on women's health include infectious and chronic illnesses, violence, food contamination and malnutrition, economic and educational attainment, and indignity. We used household survey data to report on self-rated health and sociodemographic, housing, and...