BACKGROUND Several treatments are available for actinic keratosis (AK) on the face and scalp. Most treatment modalities were compared to placebo and therefore little is known on their relative efficacy. OBJECTIVES To compare the different treatments for mild to moderate AK on the face and scalp available in clinical practice in Europe. METHODS A network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed on ...

Hepatic drug transporters are now recognized as major actors of hepatobiliary elimination of drugs. Characterization of their regulatory pathways is therefore an important issue. In this context, the present study was designed to analyze the potential regulation of human hepatic transporter expression by protein kinase C (PKC) activation. Treatment by the reference PKC activator phorbol 12-myri...

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common skin lesions heralding an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and other skin malignancies, arising principally due to excessive ultraviolet (UV) exposure. They are predominantly found in fair-skinned individuals, and increasingly, are a problem of the immunosuppressed. AKs may regress spontaneously, remain stable or transform to invasive...

OBJECTIVE Although HAART effectively suppresses viral replication, it fails to eradicate latent viral reservoirs. The 'shock and kill' strategy involves the activation of HIV from latent reservoirs and targeting them for eradication. Our goal was to develop new approaches for activating HIV from latent reservoirs. DESIGN We investigated capacity of Ingenol B (IngB), a newly modified derivativ...

BACKGROUND Kansui Radix (Gansui in Chinese), the dried tuber of Euphorbia kansui, is a Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for the treatment of oedema and ascites with dyspnea. Because of its toxic nature, the herb is usually processed with vinegar to reduce the toxicity. A report has shown that the contents of toxic terpenoids in Gansui decreased after processing with vinegar. However, compre...

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) latent reservoir in resting CD4(+) T cells represents a major barrier to viral eradication. Small compounds capable of latency reversal have not demonstrated uniform responses across in vitro HIV-1 latency cell models. Characterizing compounds that demonstrate latency-reversing activity in resting CD4(+) T cells from aviremic patients ex vivo will...

Ingenol is a diterpenoid with unique architecture and has derivatives possessing important anticancer activity, including the recently Food and Drug Administration-approved Picato, a first-in-class drug for the treatment of the precancerous skin condition actinic keratosis. Currently, that compound is sourced inefficiently from Euphorbia peplus. Here, we detail an efficient, highly stereocontro...

We have purified a protein (Mr approximately 71,000) from murine sera 104-fold which directly binds biologically active phorbol esters, ingenol esters, and mezerein in a specific, reversible, and saturable manner. The binding of labeled phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) to the purified protein is rapid and dose-dependent. Those phorbol and ingenol esters which stimulate cell growth in culture and...